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Globus
Globus, also called globus pharyngeus or globus hystericus, is the feeling of a lump stuck in the throat that occurs between meals while swallowing remains normal, a common benign symptom.
Glochiceras
Glochiceras (Hyatt, 1900) is an extinct Late Jurassic ammonite genus of the family Oppeliidae, subfamily Glochiceratinae: small, smooth, compressed shells with lappets, likely microconchs of Ochetoceras or Taramelliceras, used in Kimmeridgian biostratigraphy.
Glochidium
Glochidium (plural glochidia): the parasitic larva of freshwater mussels (Unionoida) that attaches to fish gills or fins, is encysted by host tissue, and metamorphoses into a juvenile; host specificity ranges from generalist Anodonta to salmonid-specialist Margaritifera.
GloFish
GloFish is a trademarked brand of genetically modified freshwater aquarium fish that carry jellyfish and coral fluorescent genes and glow under blue light, first sold in 2003.
Glofitamab
Glofitamab, sold as Columvi, is a CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody that treats relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, approved in Europe and North America in 2023.
Glomalin
Glomalin: glycoprotein discovered in 1996 by Sara Wright, produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and measured as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP); linked to soil aggregation, carbon storage, and a proposed but unconfirmed HSP60 identity.
Glomerella graminicola
Glomerella graminicola D.J. Politis, 1975, a synonym of Colletotrichum graminicola, the hemibiotrophic ascomycete causing maize anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot, with melanized appressoria and about one billion dollars of annual U.S. losses.
Glomeromycota
Glomeromycota (AM fungi) is a fungal phylum forming arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with 70–90% of land plants, exchanging phosphate and nitrogen for up to 20% of plant carbon; established as a phylum in 2001, sometimes treated as subphylum Glomeromycotina.
Glomeromycota classification and orders
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) is a fungal phylum proposed in 2001, whose classification grew from one order (Glomales, 1990) to four orders (2013 consensus) and nine orders, 26 families, about 60 genera by 2026.
Glomerular cell
A glomerular cell is one of the four resident cell types forming the glomerulus, the kidney's microscopic capillary tuft that filters blood to form urine: podocytes, endothelial cells, mesangial cells, and parietal epithelial cells.
Glomerular endothelial cell
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC): fenestrated, glycocalyx-coated endothelial cell lining glomerular capillaries, forming the first layer of the glomerular filtration barrier; its negatively charged glycocalyx plugs nondiaphragmed fenestrae and restricts albumin, with roles in pre-eclampsia and diabetic kidney disease.
Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the rate of plasma filtration by the kidney glomeruli in mL/min/1.73 m², is measured by inulin, iothalamate, ⁵¹Cr-EDTA, or iohexol clearance, or estimated with CKD-EPI creatinine and cystatin C equations.
Glomerular mesangial cell
Glomerular mesangial cell (mesangial cell): smooth muscle-like contractile and phagocytic pericyte between glomerular capillaries; supports capillary loops, regulates filtration surface, and drives mesangial expansion in diabetic and IgA kidney disease.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a family of immune-mediated diseases that inflame the glomeruli, the kidney's microscopic filters, causing protein and blood in the urine and sometimes progressive kidney failure.
Glomerulus (kidney)
The glomerulus, also called the renal glomerulus, is a knot of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered to begin forming urine; with Bowman's capsule it forms the renal corpuscle.
Glomus (fungus)
Glomus, a genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phylum Glomeromycota, family Glomeraceae; type species Glomus macrocarpum) forming root symbioses; historically the largest AMF genus, now known to be non-monophyletic, with species delimited by phosphate transporter genes and many species renamed, e.g. G. intraradices to Rhizophagus.
Glomus tumor
Glomus tumor (glomangioma): rare benign painful tumor of glomus cells of the Sucquet-Hoyer canal, usually subungual, 1-5% of hand tumors, first described by Masson 1924; distinct from glomus tympanicum paraganglioma.
Glomuvenous malformation
Glomuvenous malformation (glomangioma, GVM), a rare autosomal dominant slow-flow venous malformation caused by GLMN mutations, presenting as painful, cobblestone, bluish-purple cutaneous lesions mainly on the extremities, distinct from common venous malformations.
Gloria B. Choi
Gloria B. Choi, also published as Gloria Bohyun Choi, is an MIT neuroscientist known for showing how maternal immune responses can produce autism-like behaviors in mice.
Gloria M. Coruzzi
Gloria M. Coruzzi is an American plant systems biologist and NYU professor known for research on the gene networks that control how plants use nitrogen.
Gloria Rudenko
Gloria Rudenko (1961–2022) was a molecular microbiologist and professor at Imperial College London who studied how Trypanosoma brucei, the cause of African sleeping sickness, evades the immune system.
Gloriosa
Gloriosa (flame lily, glory lily, climbing lily) is a genus of Colchicaceae herbs from Africa and Asia with tendril-tipped leaves and reflexed red-yellow flowers; G. superba yields colchicine but is lethally toxic.
Glossary of leaf morphology
Glossary of leaf morphology is the set of technical terms botanists use to describe a leaf's shape, tip, base, margin, venation, and arrangement in plant descriptions and taxonomy.
Glossary of lichen terms
Glossary of lichen terms: specialized vocabulary for lichen identification, covering mycobiont and photobiont, thallus structure, growth forms (crustose, foliose, fruticose), apothecia, soredia, isidia, and TLC chemistry.
Glossary of psychiatry
Glossary of psychiatry: reference vocabulary of psychiatric diagnosis, centered on DSM (APA, 1952, now DSM-5-TR) and ICD (WHO, ICD-11), plus terms like nosology, mental status examination, residual categories, and RDoC.
Glossectomy
A glossectomy is surgery that removes all or part of the tongue, performed most often to treat oral cancer and graded as partial, hemi-, subtotal, or total.
Glossina morsitans
Glossina morsitans (tsetse fly, Westwood 1850), savanna species of the morsitans group with subspecies morsitans, centralis, and submorsitans; major vector of Trypanosoma congolense, first tsetse genome sequenced in 2014.
Glossina taxonomy and species
Glossina taxonomy covers the classification of tsetse flies, the sole genus Glossina in the family Glossinidae, with 22 species in three main groups across sub-Saharan Africa.
Glossiphoniidae
Glossiphoniidae, the flat leeches, a worldwide family of about 200 freshwater proboscis-bearing leeches known for ventral brooding of young, vertebrate blood feeding, and two independent origins of marsupial kangaroo leeches.
Glossitis
Glossitis, or tongue inflammation, includes atrophic, geographic (benign migratory), median rhomboid, and strawberry tongue forms; causes range from iron and B12 deficiency to Candida infection, with most cases self-limiting.