89 articles
Nitrogen functional groups in organic chemistry
Nitrogen functional groups in organic chemistry are six covalent arrangements carrying a molecule's reactive valence: nitrile, nitro, nitroso, diazo, azide, and hydroxylamine, compared as a family in structures, preparation, reactivity, and spectroscopy.
Nitromethane
Nitromethane (CH3NO2), also sold as Nitrocarbol, is the simplest nitroalkane, a colorless oily liquid serving as an industrial solvent, explosive, and fuel for drag racing and model engines.
Nitrone
A nitrone is the N-oxide of an imine, a 1,3-dipolar compound known since 1890, used in cycloaddition synthesis and as a spin trap for detecting radicals.
Nitropyrene
Nitropyrene is a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed chiefly in diesel engine exhaust, where the isomer 1-nitropyrene is the most abundant nitroarene and is classified as probably carcinogenic to humans.
Nitrosamine
Nitrosamines (N-nitrosamines) are organic compounds in which a nitroso group is attached to an amine nitrogen; many are potent carcinogens, and trace contamination of drugs has caused widespread recalls since 2018.
Nitrosamine formation chemistry
Nitrosamine formation chemistry is the set of reactions by which carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds form when nitrite-derived nitrosating agents react with amines in drugs, cured meats, and water.
Nitrosourea
Nitrosourea is a compound containing both a nitroso group and a urea group, a class best known for alkylating anticancer drugs such as carmustine and lomustine.
Nitrotoluene
Nitrotoluene, also called methylnitrobenzene, is any of three isomeric nitroaromatic compounds with formula C₇H₇NO₂, produced by nitrating toluene; the ortho and para isomers are important dye intermediates.
NNK
NNK, or nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine formed during curing and one of the principal carcinogens in tobacco smoke, classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans.
Occurrence and contamination sources of nitrosamines
Nitrosamines occur as trace contaminants wherever amines meet nitrosating agents such as nitrite, in cured meats, chlorinated drinking water, contaminated medicines, rubber, cosmetics, and wastewater, with endogenous body formation the largest source for most people.
Octanitrocubane
Octanitrocubane is a powerful organic explosive with a nitro group on each carbon of a cubane cage, first synthesized in 2000 by Philip Eaton and Mao-Xi Zhang in Chicago.
Oxime
An oxime is an organic compound of structure R₂C=NOH, formed when an aldehyde or ketone condenses with hydroxylamine; its best-known reaction is the Beckmann rearrangement, used to make the nylon-6 precursor caprolactam.
P chloronitrobenzene
p-Chloronitrobenzene (1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, PNCB) is the para isomer of chloronitrobenzene, a yellow crystalline solid used almost exclusively as a chemical intermediate in dyes, pharmaceuticals, and rubber antioxidants.
Phenyl isocyanate
Phenyl isocyanate, also called isocyanatobenzene, is the simplest aromatic isocyanate, a very toxic colorless liquid used as a reagent and as a model compound in urethane chemistry.
Phthalonitrile
Phthalonitrile (1,2-dicyanobenzene, benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile) is an aromatic dinitrile with two adjacent cyano groups on a benzene ring, an industrial precursor to phthalocyanine pigments, fluorescent brighteners, and photographic sensitizers.
Propionitrile
Propionitrile (propanenitrile, ethyl cyanide) is a colorless, flammable three-carbon nitrile used as a polar aprotic solvent and chemical intermediate; the body metabolizes it to release cyanide.
Reduction of nitro compounds
Reduction of nitro compounds, also known as nitro group reduction, converts organic nitro groups into amines by hydrogenation or metal-acid methods, the standard industrial route from nitroarenes to anilines.
S-Nitrosoglutathione
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an S-nitrosothiol formed by nitrosation of the tripeptide glutathione, acting as a nitric oxide reservoir and donor, bronchodilator, and platelet aggregation inhibitor, and tested clinically in asthma and cystic fibrosis.
S-Nitrosothiol
An S-nitrosothiol, also called a thionitrite, is an organosulfur compound in which a nitroso group is covalently bound to the sulfur atom of a thiol, central to nitric oxide signaling.
Saccharin
Saccharin, also known as benzoic sulfimide, is the oldest artificial sweetener, about 300 times sweeter than sugar, discovered at Johns Hopkins in 1878 and used for over a century.
Tetracyanoethylene
Tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) is an organic compound, C₆N₄, with all four hydrogens of ethylene replaced by cyano groups, making it one of the strongest organic electron acceptors.
Tetranitromethane
Tetranitromethane (TNM) is a pale-yellow, acrid-smelling liquid oxidizer with the formula C(NO₂)₄, used in rocket propellants, diesel fuel, explosives, and as a laboratory reagent for nitrating tyrosine in proteins.
Tetryl
Tetryl, also known as tetralite, is a yellow crystalline nitramine explosive used as a booster charge and detonator base charge until the US stopped making it in 1973.
Thionitrous acid
Thionitrous acid (HSNO) is an unstable inorganic S-nitrosothiol, formed from hydrogen sulfide and S-nitrosoglutathione and proposed as a link between nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide signaling.
TNT
TNT, or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (C7H5N3O6), is a yellow, odorless crystalline explosive made by nitrating toluene in three stages, used in military shells, bombs, grenades, and underwater and industrial blasting.
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are carcinogenic N-nitrosamines formed from nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids during curing and smoking; NNN and NNK are classified as carcinogenic to humans by IARC.
Trimethylsilyl azide
Trimethylsilyl azide (azidotrimethylsilane, TMS-N₃) is a moisture-sensitive, flammable liquid used in organic synthesis as an azide transfer reagent, making triazoles and tetrazoles, and as a safer substitute for hydrazoic acid.
Trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzene (TNB) is any of three isomeric nitro compounds formed by replacing three benzene hydrogens with nitro groups; the symmetric 1,3,5-isomer is a yellow crystalline explosive.
Trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene, better known as TNT, is a yellow, odorless crystalline compound made by nitrating toluene and best known as the most widely used military high explosive.