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Mount Merapi
Mount Merapi (Gunung Merapi) is an active stratovolcano in Central Java, Indonesia, rising to 2,910 m north of Yogyakarta, with nearly 80 recorded eruptions since 1672.
Mount Nyiragongo
Mount Nyiragongo is an active stratovolcano in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, near Goma, known for its persistent lava lake and deadly eruptions in 1977, 2002, and 2021.
Mount of the Holy Cross
Mount of the Holy Cross is a 14,005-foot peak in Colorado's Sawatch Range, named for a cross of snow on its face, first climbed and photographed in 1873.
Mount Okmok
Mount Okmok is an active shield volcano occupying northeastern Umnak Island in Alaska's Aleutian Islands, one of the arc's most active, with major eruptions in 43 BCE, 1997, and 2008.
Mount Pelée
Mount Pelée, also known as Montagne Pelée, is an active stratovolcano at the northern end of Martinique, deadliest for its 1902 eruption that destroyed Saint-Pierre.
Mount Pinatubo
Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano on Luzon in the Philippines, whose June 1991 eruption was the 20th century's second largest and cooled global temperatures.
Mount Sipylus
Mount Sipylus (Spil Dağı) is a limestone mountain in western Anatolia, Turkey, rising south of Manisa and known in antiquity as the home of Tantalus and Niobe.
Mount Tambora
Mount Tambora, also spelled Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano on Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, whose April 1815 eruption, history's largest, caused the 1816 "year without a summer."
Mount Unzen (雲仙岳)
Mount Unzen (雲仙岳), also called Unzen Volcano, is a compound stratovolcano in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, whose 1792 tsunami killed about 15,000 people and whose 1990–1995 eruption killed 43.
Mount Vesuvius
Mount Vesuvius (Monte Vesuvio) is an active volcano near Naples, Italy, part of the Somma-Vesuvius complex, best known for its 79 CE eruption that buried Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Mount Washington Observatory
Mount Washington Observatory, a private nonprofit founded in 1932, operates a staffed weather station atop Mount Washington, New Hampshire, recording 231 mph winds in 1934.
Mountain
A mountain is a landform rising prominently above its surroundings to a peak or summit, typically at least 1,000 feet, though no globally accepted definition of a mountain exists.
Mountain breeze and valley breeze
A mountain breeze and a valley breeze are two phases of a daily wind circulation over mountainous terrain: the valley breeze blows upslope by day, the mountain breeze downslope at night.
Mountain formation
Mountain formation, called orogeny or mountain building, is the set of geological processes that build mountain ranges, chiefly through the collision and convergence of tectonic plates.
MPI-ESM
MPI-ESM (Max Planck Institute Earth System Model) is a coupled Earth system model developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, serving as its CMIP5 contribution.
MPLNET
MPLNET, the NASA Micro-Pulse Lidar Network, is a worldwide network of eye-safe Micro-Pulse Lidar systems run by NASA and partners to continuously measure aerosol and cloud vertical structure.
Mponeng Gold Mine
Mponeng Gold Mine is an underground gold mine near Carletonville, South Africa, described by its operators as the deepest mine in the world, operating down to about 3,740 m below surface.
MSWEP
MSWEP (Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation) is a global gridded precipitation dataset merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data, with version 3 offering hourly, 0.1° estimates from 1979.
Mt Todd
Mt Todd is a development-stage gold project in Australia's Northern Territory, 55 km northwest of Katherine, holding 9.1 million ounces of gold and owned by Vista Gold.
MT3DMS
MT3DMS is a modular three-dimensional multi-species solute transport model that simulates contaminant advection, dispersion, and reactions in groundwater, coupled with the USGS flow model MODFLOW.
Mud logging
Mud logging is a wellsite monitoring method in petroleum geology that analyzes drilling mud and rock cuttings to detect hydrocarbons while a well is drilled, standard on rigs since the 1930s.
Mudstone
Mudstone is a fine-grained sedimentary rock of hardened mud, essentially shale without its fine lamination or ability to split into thin flakes, making up much of the sedimentary record.
Mudstone (carbonate)
Mudstone, in carbonate geology, is a mud-supported limestone or carbonate rock with less than 10 percent grains, the finest-grained class of Robert J. Dunham's 1962 depositional-texture classification, formed in low-energy settings.
Mugogo
Mugogo, a small extinct cinder cone in North Kivu, DR Congo, Virunga Volcanic Province; formed in the 45-hour 1957 eruption (VEI 1) with rare ankaratrite lava; summit 2,338 m, volcano number 223045.
Multi-physics coupling
Multi-physics coupling is the joint simulation of interacting thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical processes in geologic media, applied to nuclear waste disposal, geothermal energy, and CO2 storage.
Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor
Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) is an automated National Severe Storms Laboratory system that integrates radar, satellite, lightning, and model data into three-dimensional weather mosaics used for severe weather warnings.
Multi-year ice
Multi-year ice (MYI) is sea ice that has survived at least one summer melt season, making it the oldest and thickest sea ice at 4 to 5 meters.
Multibeam bathymetry
Multibeam bathymetry is a sonar mapping method in which a hull-mounted echosounder sends a fan of acoustic beams, yielding hundreds of depth soundings per ping for charting underwater terrain.
Multibeam echosounder
A multibeam echosounder is a sonar instrument that measures water depth and seafloor character by sending many acoustic beams in a fan-shaped swath, returning bathymetry and backscatter.
Multichannel analysis of surface waves
Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is a seismic method, introduced by Park, Miller, and Xia in 1999, that estimates near-surface shear-wave velocity from Rayleigh-wave dispersion and is widely used in geotechnical engineering.