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Neuston
Neuston is the community of organisms living at, on, or immediately below the air-water interface of oceans, lakes, and ponds, a term introduced by Einar Naumann in 1917.
Nevado del Ruiz
Nevado del Ruiz, also known as Kumanday, is an active glacier-covered volcano in Colombia's Central Cordillera; its 1985 eruption sent lahars over Armero, killing more than 22,000 people.
Neves-Corvo
Neves-Corvo is an underground copper, zinc, lead, and silver mine in the Alentejo district of southern Portugal, operated by Somincor and producing continuously since 1989.
Neves-Corvo Mine
The Neves-Corvo Mine is an underground copper, zinc, lead, tin, and silver mine in the Baixo Alentejo region of southern Portugal, opened in 1988 and operated since 2025 by Boliden.
New England's Dark Day
New England's Dark Day was an episode of near-total daytime darkness across New England on May 19, 1780, attributed to wildfire smoke combined with fog and cloud cover.
New Madrid seismic zone
The New Madrid seismic zone, also called the New Madrid fault, is the most seismically active area in the central and eastern United States, producing the great 1811–1812 earthquakes.
New production
New production is ocean primary production fueled by nitrogen from outside the sunlit surface layer, chiefly nitrate, and is the fraction exported to the deep ocean.
New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme is a cap-and-trade program, established in 2008, that prices greenhouse gas emissions across most of the New Zealand economy.
Newtok relocation
The Newtok relocation moved the Yup'ik village of Newtok, Alaska, to Mertarvik due to erosion, one of the first climate-change relocations of an Alaska Native community.
NEXRAD
NEXRAD, or Next-Generation Radar, is the WSR-88D network of about 160 Doppler weather radars run by the National Weather Service, FAA, and Air Force, deployed in the 1990s.
Next Generation Gravity Mission
The Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) is a European Space Agency mission, launching around 2032, that will measure changes in Earth's gravity field to track water and ice movement.
NGRIP (ice core)
NGRIP, or North Greenland Ice Core Project, is a 3,085-meter ice core drilled in northwestern Greenland from 1996 to 2003, providing the only continuous Greenlandic record of the Eemian interglacial.
Nile
The Nile, also known as the River Nile, is the longest river in the world, flowing 6,695 km northward through eleven countries in eastern Africa to drain into the Mediterranean Sea.
Nilokeras Fossa
Nilokeras Fossa is an IAU-approved fossa (trough system) on Mars at 24.74°N, 302.20°E, about 265-267 km across, approved in 1988 and named from a classical albedo feature.
Nimbostratus cloud
Nimbostratus is a gray, often dark cloud layer, diffuse because of continuously falling rain or snow, that forms mainly from thickening altostratus along warm fronts of mid-latitude cyclones.
Niobrara Formation
The Niobrara Formation is a Late Cretaceous unit of chalk, limestone, and shale deposited in the Western Interior Seaway, named by Meek and Hayden in 1862.
Nitrogen limitation
Nitrogen limitation is the restriction of phytoplankton growth in a lake by available nitrogen rather than phosphorus; the Lake 227 experiment showed nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria compensate when nitrogen inputs cease.
Nitrous oxide emissions
Nitrous oxide emissions are the release of nitrous oxide, a long-lived greenhouse gas, from natural sources such as soils and the ocean and from human activities dominated by agriculture.
NLDAS
NLDAS, the North American Land Data Assimilation System, is a multi-model land modeling system producing quality-controlled datasets of soil moisture, snow, and surface fluxes across the continental United States.
NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps
The NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps) is one of the eight US uniformed services, whose roughly 360 officers operate NOAA's research ships and hurricane hunter aircraft.
NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed
The NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed is a facility in Norman, Oklahoma, where National Weather Service forecasters and NOAA researchers test experimental severe weather forecasting tools.
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction
The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), founded in 1995 and headquartered in College Park, Maryland, runs the numerical models behind nearly all American weather forecasts.
NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
The NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) is the NOAA line office that operates environmental satellites, distributes their data, and maintains long-term environmental archives.
NOAA Weather Radio
NOAA Weather Radio, also called NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards, is the National Weather Service's 24/7 network of over 1,000 transmitters broadcasting forecasts and warnings.
NOAA-19
NOAA-19, designated NOAA-N Prime before launch, was the last of NOAA's polar-orbiting weather satellites. Launched in 2009, it was decommissioned in 2025, ending the 47-year POES program.
NOAA-20
NOAA-20, formerly JPSS-1, is an American polar-orbiting weather satellite operated by NOAA and the first spacecraft of the Joint Polar Satellite System, launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in 2017.
NOAA-21
NOAA-21 is an American polar-orbiting weather satellite operated by NOAA as the third spacecraft in the Joint Polar Satellite System, launched on November 10, 2022, and declared operational in 2023.
NOAAS Ronald H. Brown
NOAAS Ronald H. Brown, commissioned in 1997, is a global-class oceanographic and atmospheric research ship, the largest in the NOAA fleet, homeported in Charleston, South Carolina.
Noachian
The Noachian is the oldest formally defined geologic period of Mars, spanning about 4.1 to 3.7 billion years ago, with intense cratering, high erosion rates, and widespread liquid water.
Noah-MP
Noah-MP is an open-source land surface model that simulates energy, water, and carbon exchange between land and atmosphere, serving as the land component of NOAA's National Water Model.