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Global water cycle intensification
Global water cycle intensification is the increase in evaporation, atmospheric water vapor, precipitation, and runoff in response to climate warming, intensifying droughts, floods, and heavy rainfall.
Global Water Partnership
The Global Water Partnership (GWP) is an international network, founded in 1996 by the World Bank, UNDP, and Sida, that promotes integrated water resources management.
Glomar Explorer
Glomar Explorer, also known as Hughes Glomar Explorer, is a deep-ocean ship built by the CIA in the early 1970s to raise a sunken Soviet submarine.
Gneiss
Gneiss is a coarse-grained, foliated metamorphic rock formed at high temperatures and pressures, with light bands of quartz and feldspar alternating with dark mica or hornblende bands.
GNSS reflectometry
GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a bistatic remote sensing technique that retrieves ocean winds, sea surface height, soil moisture, and sea ice from reflected GPS and other navigation satellite signals.
GOES-16
GOES-16 is a NOAA weather satellite, launched November 19, 2016 as GOES-R, that served as GOES East watching the eastern United States and western Atlantic until 2025.
GOES-17
GOES-17, known as GOES-S before launch, is a NOAA geostationary weather satellite serving as GOES-West from 2019 to 2023; a cooling anomaly degraded its imager but recovered over 97 percent of capability.
GOES-18
GOES-18, known as GOES-T before reaching orbit, is an American geostationary weather satellite operated by NOAA, launched in 2022 and serving as GOES-West from 137.0 degrees west since January 2023.
Gold mining
Gold mining is the extraction of gold from ore bodies, placer gravels, and recycled material, an industry that produced 3,661.2 tonnes of mine gold in 2024.
Gold Quarry Mine
The Gold Quarry Mine is a large open-pit gold mine about seven miles north of Carlin in Eureka County, Nevada, operated by Nevada Gold Mines as part of the Carlin Complex.
Gold rush
A gold rush is a sudden migration of people to a region where gold has been newly discovered, recurring through the nineteenth century, most famously in California in 1848.
Golden Jubilee Diamond
The Golden Jubilee Diamond, also called the Golden Jubilee, is the world's largest faceted diamond, a 545.67-carat yellow-brown gem presented to King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.
Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie
The Golden Mile is a goldfield near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, about 600 km east of Perth, one of the richest gold deposits ever worked, now mined as the Super Pit.
Goldstrike mine
Goldstrike mine is a large gold mining complex on the northern Carlin Trend in Eureka and Elko Counties, Nevada, operated by Nevada Gold Mines and North America's largest producing gold mine.
Gondwana
Gondwana, also called Gondwanaland, was the southern supercontinent uniting South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica, which broke up from about 185 million years ago.
Gorny Institute
Gorny Institute (Gornogo Instituta, Gornyi Institute) is a 2,125 m Holocene stratovolcano in the central Sredinny Range, Kamchatka, Russia; last major eruption about 700 years ago (1250 CE).
GPM Core Observatory
The GPM Core Observatory is a joint NASA and JAXA satellite launched in 2014 that measures rain and falling snow and calibrates partner precipitation satellites.
GR4J
GR4J, French for rural engineering model with 4 daily parameters, is a daily lumped rainfall-runoff model developed at Cemagref in France and widely used across climates.
GRACE Follow-On
GRACE Follow-On, known as GRACE-FO, is a twin-satellite NASA and GFZ mission launched in 2018 that tracks water movement by measuring changes in Earth's gravity field.
Gradient wind
The gradient wind is a horizontal wind blowing parallel to curved isobars, balancing the pressure gradient, Coriolis, and centrifugal forces; it generalizes the geostrophic wind to curved flow.
Grain size
Grain size is the diameter of the individual grains in a sediment or soil, the most basic attribute used to describe and classify sediments into gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
Grainstone
A grainstone is a mud-free, grain-supported carbonate rock from Robert J. Dunham's 1962 classification, forming in agitated shallow water with high initial porosity and serving as a prolific petroleum reservoir rock.
Grand Staircase
The Grand Staircase is a 100-mile sequence of sedimentary rock layers in southern Utah and northern Arizona, ascending from the Grand Canyon to Bryce Canyon.
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained, light-colored intrusive igneous rock that forms when silica-rich magma cools slowly at depth, and it is quarried widely as dimension and crushed stone.
Granodiorite
Granodiorite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock intermediate between granite and diorite, defined by more plagioclase than potassium feldspar; the Rosetta Stone is a famous example.
Granulite
Granulite is a high-grade metamorphic rock with an even granular texture and hydroxyl-free minerals, also naming the granulite facies formed at 700 to 1100 °C.
GRAPES
GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) is a numerical weather prediction system developed by the China Meteorological Administration, built from 2001 to 2005 and used for global and regional forecasting in China.
Grasberg mine
The Grasberg mine is a copper and gold mine at Tembagapura, near Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia, operated by PT Freeport Indonesia and holding the world's largest gold reserves.
Graupel
Graupel, also called soft hail or snow pellets, is precipitation of small, fragile, white ice grains under 5 mm that forms when supercooled droplets freeze onto snowflakes.
Gravel-bed river
A gravel-bed river is an alluvial river whose bed is gravel and cobble, 2 to 256 mm, common in steep mountain terrain, where sediment moves mainly as bedload.