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Geoscience Australia
Geoscience Australia is the Australian Government's national geoscience research and geospatial information agency, created in 2001 by merging AGSO and AUSLIG to support resource exploration, environmental management, and community safety.
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager
The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) is a South Korean ocean color imaging radiometer on the COMS satellite and the world's first geostationary ocean color sensor, launched in 2010.
Geostatistical inversion
Geostatistical inversion is a stochastic seismic inversion method, introduced in 1993, that generates multiple equiprobable property models conditioned to seismic data and well logs, quantifying uncertainty.
Geostorm
Geostorm is a 2017 American science fiction disaster film about satellites that control the weather, directed by Dean Devlin and starring Gerard Butler, Ed Harris, and Andy Garcia.
Geostrophic current
A geostrophic current is an ocean current in which the Coriolis force from Earth's rotation balances the horizontal pressure gradient force, so the water flows along lines of constant pressure.
Geostrophic flow
Geostrophic flow is air or water motion in which the pressure-gradient force and Coriolis force balance, so flow moves parallel to isobars rather than across them.
Geothermal gradient
The geothermal gradient, also called the geothermic gradient, is the rate at which temperature rises with depth in the Earth, averaging about 25–30 °C per kilometer near the surface.
Geothermobarometry
Geothermobarometry is the quantitative estimation of the temperature and pressure at which an igneous or metamorphic rock reached chemical equilibrium, calculated from mineral compositions and reaction thermodynamics, typically giving peak metamorphic conditions.
GEOTRACES
GEOTRACES is an international scientific program studying the distribution of trace elements and their isotopes in the ocean, with its main field effort launched in 2010.
German Climate Protection Act
The German Climate Protection Act (Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz, KSG) is Germany's central federal climate law, first adopted in December 2019, setting targets of 65% emissions cuts by 2030 and neutrality by 2045.
Germanwatch
Germanwatch is a German non-governmental organization, founded in 1991 and based in Bonn and Berlin, that advocates on climate policy, food security, and global equity.
GEWEX
GEWEX, the Global Energy and Water Exchanges project, is a core project of the World Climate Research Programme, launched in 1988 to study Earth's water cycle and energy fluxes.
Geyser
A geyser is a hot spring that periodically erupts a shower of boiling water and steam, with quiet intervals between eruptions; fewer than 1,000 exist worldwide, half in Yellowstone.
GFDL CM models
The GFDL CM models are a family of global coupled climate models developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey, simulating past, present, and future climate.
GHG Protocol
The GHG Protocol is the most widely used standard for measuring greenhouse gas emissions, established in 1998 by WRI and WBCSD and known for its three-scope framework.
Gibbsite
Gibbsite, also known as hydrargillite, is an aluminum hydroxide mineral, Al(OH)₃, and one of the three principal minerals of bauxite, the ore from which nearly all aluminum is produced.
Gilwern Volcanic Formation
Gilwern Volcanic Formation (GIVO, Gwn): Llanvirn Middle Ordovician unit of the Builth Volcanic Group in the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, central Wales; basic lapilli tuffs, reworked tuffaceous sandstones, dacite domes, and the Castle Bank Biota.
Ginger Zee
Ginger Zee, also known as Ginger Renee Colonomos, is an American broadcast meteorologist who joined ABC News in 2011 and became "Good Morning America's" chief meteorologist in 2013.
GISP2
GISP2, short for Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2, was a US ice drilling project that recovered a 3053 m core through the full Greenland Ice Sheet in 1993.
GISS-E2
GISS-E2 is a global climate model developed at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, built on the ModelE atmospheric code, and coupled to alternative ocean models.
GISTEMP
GISTEMP, the GISS Surface Temperature Analysis, is NASA's estimate of global surface temperature change, produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies from land and ocean data since 1880.
Glacial erosion
Glacial erosion is the removal and transport of bedrock and sediment by glaciers, accomplished mainly through quarrying, abrasion, and subglacial meltwater, carving cirques, U-shaped valleys, and fjords.
Glacial erratic
A glacial erratic, or erratic block, is a rock fragment carried by glacial ice and deposited far from its source, usually resting on bedrock of a different type.
Glacial period
A glacial period, also called a glaciation, is a colder interval within an ice age when continental ice sheets expand; the most recent ended about 11,500 years ago.
Glacier
A glacier, also called a gletscher, is a perennial mass of ice formed on land by compacted snow that moves slowly downslope under gravity, covering nearly a third of Earth's land during the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Glacier collapse
Glacier collapse, also called glacier detachment, is the sudden catastrophic failure of a glacier or ice shelf, from ice shelf disintegration to rock-ice avalanches like Blatten in 2025.
Glasgow Climate Pact
The Glasgow Climate Pact is the decision adopted at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow on 13 November 2021, the first COP decision to mention fossil fuels.
Glauconite
Glauconite is a green iron- and potassium-rich clay mineral of the mica group, named in 1828 from the Greek glaucos for bluish green; sand rich in it is called greensand.
Gleying
Gleying is the soil-forming process in which prolonged water saturation removes oxygen, reducing iron compounds and giving the soil gray, bluish, or greenish colors, often with mottles.
Gleysols
Gleysols are a Reference Soil Group (GL) of the World Reference Base for soils affected by shallow groundwater, with wetness limiting them largely to swamp vegetation and grazing.