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Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy
Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) is a form of scanning tunneling microscopy in which an immersed tunneling junction images electrode surfaces at atomic resolution under potential control, first reported in 1986.
Electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) is a spectroelectrochemical technique that records greatly enhanced Raman spectra at electrified nanostructured electrodes, first reported in 1974 with pyridine on roughened silver.
Electrochemical synthesis
Electrochemical synthesis, also known as electrosynthesis, drives oxidation and reduction reactions by supplying electrons directly at electrodes, replacing stoichiometric redox reagents with cheap electric current, and spans organic synthesis and ammonia formation.
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide is the production of H₂O₂ from water, oxygen, and electricity in an electrolytic cell, studied as a decentralized alternative to the dominant anthraquinone process.
Electrochemical synthesis of urea
Electrochemical synthesis of urea is the production of urea by electrocatalytic coupling of carbon dioxide with a nitrogen source such as nitrate under ambient conditions.
Electrochemiluminescence
Electrochemiluminescence, also called electrogenerated chemiluminescence or ECL, is light emission produced when electrochemically generated reactive intermediates form excited states, a technique offering high sensitivity and the basis of billions of clinical immunoassays run yearly.
Electrochemiluminescence detection
Electrochemiluminescence detection is an analytical technique in which electrochemical reactions excite species that emit light, allowing analytes near an electrode to be quantified from photon intensity.
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies chemical processes involving electron transfer, especially reactions at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte, converting chemical energy to electrical energy and back.
Electrochromatography
Electrochromatography is a separation technique in which an electric field drives the mobile phase and analytes through a chromatographic stationary phase, so each compound's migration time reflects both electrophoretic mobility and chromatographic retention.
Electrochromism
Electrochromism is the reversible change of a material's color or optical properties when a voltage or current is applied, underlying smart windows, dimming mirrors, and displays.
Electrocyclic reaction
An electrocyclic reaction, also called electrocyclic rearrangement, is a pericyclic reaction in which a sigma bond forms or breaks between the ends of a conjugated pi system.
Electrode potential
Electrode potential, symbol E, is the electromotive force of a cell with the standard hydrogen electrode on the left; the SHE defines the zero of the scale.
Electrodeposition
Electrodeposition is the process of depositing metal onto an electrode by passing electric current through an electrolyte; when used as a coating it is called electroplating.
Electrodermal activity
Electrodermal activity (EDA), formerly galvanic skin response, is the measurable electrical conductance of the skin, driven by sweat gland activity and used in polygraph and psychophysiological research since 1879.
Electrohydrodynamic flow
Electrohydrodynamic flow is fluid motion induced by an electric field acting on free charges in a dielectric fluid, producing ionic wind in gases and electroconvection in liquids.
Electrohydrodynamics
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluid motion induced or modified by electric fields, with applications including electrospinning and EHD pumps.
Electrokinetic chromatography
Electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), also known as electrokinetic capillary chromatography, is a capillary separation technique combining electrophoresis with chromatographic partitioning into a pseudostationary phase; its best-known form, MEKC, was introduced by Shigeru Terabe in 1984.
Electrolarynx
An electrolarynx, also called an artificial or mechanical larynx, is a handheld, battery-operated device that creates an external vibratory sound source for people who have lost their larynx.
Electrolaser
An electrolaser is a directed-energy weapon that uses a laser to create a conductive plasma channel in air and sends a high-voltage discharge down it.
Electroluminescence
Electroluminescence, also called the Destriau effect, is the emission of light from a material driven by an electric field or injected current, without heating it; it is the working principle of LEDs and OLEDs.
Electroluminescence imaging
Electroluminescence imaging is a rapid, non-destructive inspection technique that maps the infrared light emitted by a forward-biased solar cell, revealing cracks, broken fingers, and degradation as dark regions.
Electrolysis
Electrolysis is the use of an electric current to drive otherwise nonspontaneous redox reactions, typically splitting compounds into their elements, a process Michael Faraday quantified in the early 1830s.
Electrolyte
An electrolyte, also called an ionic solution, is a conducting medium in which electric current flows through the movement of ions; electrolytes make electrochemical cells and batteries work.
Electrolytic oxidation
Electrolytic oxidation is an electrochemical method that oxidizes dissolved or adsorbed substances at an anode by passing current through an electrolyte, used for organic electrosynthesis and mineralizing pollutants in wastewater.
Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a magnet whose field comes from electric current in a wire coil, often around an iron core, and can be switched on and off.
Electromagnetic absorption by water
Electromagnetic absorption by water, also called water absorption, is the conversion of electromagnetic radiation into molecular motion and heat by liquid, vapor, or solid water.
Electromagnetic action and Lagrangian formulation
The electromagnetic action and Lagrangian formulation packages all of classical electrodynamics into one Lorentz-scalar action; varying it gives the inhomogeneous Maxwell equations, and Noether's theorem gives energy and momentum conservation.
Electromagnetic and rare probes of quark–gluon plasma
Electromagnetic and rare probes are signals of the quark–gluon plasma that leave the collision zone unscattered, comprising dileptons, real photons, quarkonium suppression, and strangeness enhancement, probing deconfinement and chiral symmetry restoration.
Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field, or EM field, is a physical field combining an electric and a magnetic field, exerting the Lorentz force on electric charges and described by Maxwell's equations.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
An electromagnetic flowmeter, also called a magnetic flowmeter or magmeter, measures the flow of conductive liquids, causing no pressure loss because it adds no obstruction to the pipe.