42,772 articles
Electromagnetic follow-up of gravitational-wave events
Electromagnetic follow-up of gravitational-wave events is the search with optical, radio, X-ray, and other telescopes for light from gravitational-wave sources, most successfully for GW170817 in 2017.
Electromagnetic four-potential
The electromagnetic four-potential is a four-vector combining the electric scalar potential and magnetic vector potential, the natural variable of covariant electrodynamics, with gauge freedom leaving the fields unchanged.
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction, also called magnetic induction, is the production of a voltage in a conductor when magnetic flux through it changes; Michael Faraday discovered the effect in 1831.
Electromagnetic invariants
Electromagnetic invariants are scalar combinations of the electric and magnetic fields, B² − E² and E·B, that take the same value in every inertial frame.
Electromagnetic mass
Electromagnetic mass is the mass attributed to the energy of a charged particle's own electric and magnetic field, an idea introduced by J.J. Thomson in 1881.
Electromagnetic Phenomena
Electromagnetic phenomena (MeSH D055590): electricity, magnetism, charged particles, fields, and electromagnetic radiation. Covers Maxwell's theory, the spectrum from radio to gamma rays, and medical uses.
Electromagnetic pulse
An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is an intense, short burst of electromagnetic radiation that can disrupt or damage electronics, produced by nuclear detonations, non-nuclear devices, or solar storms.
Electromagnetic pump
An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves electrically conducting liquids, usually liquid metals, using Lorentz forces instead of a mechanical impeller, so no moving parts touch the fluid.
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation, also called EM radiation or EM waves, is energy carried through space by oscillating electric and magnetic fields at light speed, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays.
Electromagnetic scalar and vector potentials
The electromagnetic scalar and vector potentials are auxiliary fields from which the electric and magnetic fields are computed; gauge freedom means many potential pairs give the same fields.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency or wavelength, from radio waves through visible light to gamma rays, with no sharp boundaries between bands.
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor
The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor describes the density and flux of energy and momentum carried by an electromagnetic field, and serves as a source term in Einstein's field equations.
Electromagnetic tensor
The electromagnetic tensor, also called the Faraday tensor or field strength tensor, combines electric and magnetic fields into one object that transforms correctly between inertial frames in special relativity.
Electromagnetic tomography
Electromagnetic tomography is a geophysical method that reconstructs subsurface electrical conductivity from electromagnetic field measurements made at the surface, in boreholes, or from the air.
Electromagnetic wave equation
The electromagnetic wave equation is the second-order partial differential equation, derived from Maxwell's equations, that governs how electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves at the speed of light.
Electromagnetically induced transparency
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a quantum interference effect in which a coupling laser makes an absorbing medium transparent, dramatically slowing light for storage and sensing.
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism, also called electricity and magnetism, is the branch of physics treating electric and magnetic phenomena as one field, unified by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of 1865 and underlying technologies from radio and Wi-Fi to lasers.
Electromembrane extraction
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a liquid-phase microextraction technique, first published in 2006, in which a dc electric field drives charged analytes across a supported liquid membrane for sample preparation.
Electromotive force
Electromotive force, or emf, is the energy supplied per unit charge by a source like a battery, generator, or solar cell, measured in volts despite its misleading name.
Electron
The electron, also called the beta minus particle, is a stable, negatively charged elementary particle, the first to be discovered, by J. J. Thomson in 1897.
Electron affinity
Electron affinity (EA), also called electron gain enthalpy, is the energy released when a neutral gas-phase atom or molecule attaches an electron; chlorine has the most negative value.
Electron attachment
Electron attachment is the capture of a low-energy electron by an atom or molecule to form a negative ion, proceeding nondissociatively to a parent anion or dissociatively to fragment anions.
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), also known as orientation imaging microscopy or backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, is a scanning electron microscope technique that maps crystal orientation, phase, and defects in a tilted, polished sample.
Electron beam ion trap
An electron beam ion trap (EBIT) is a table-top device that creates and studies highly charged ions with a compressed electron beam, first built at Lawrence Livermore.
Electron beam therapy
Electron beam therapy, also called electron therapy, is external beam radiation therapy using high-energy electrons to treat skin and superficial tumors while sparing deeper tissues.
Electron beam-induced current
Electron beam-induced current (EBIC) is a scanning electron microscopy technique that maps the current generated when an electron beam creates electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor, revealing junctions and defects.
Electron capture
Electron capture, also called K-capture or inverse beta decay, is a radioactive decay mode in which a nucleus absorbs an inner-shell electron, converting a proton into a neutron.
Electron capture dissociation
Electron capture dissociation (ECD) is a tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation technique, introduced in 1998, in which protein ions capture low-energy electrons and fragment along the backbone.
Electron channeling contrast imaging
Electron channeling contrast imaging, or ECCI, is a scanning electron microscopy technique that images defects such as dislocations and stacking faults in bulk samples with little preparation.
Electron configuration
Electron configuration, also called electron shell configuration, is the distribution of an atom's electrons among orbitals according to the Pauli principle, written in notation such as [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴.