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Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
A data page tabulating the ground-state electron configurations and first ionization energies of the chemical elements, hydrogen through uranium, compiled by NIST and noting exceptions like chromium and copper to the simple filling order.
Electron cooling
Electron cooling is a beam-cooling technique proposed by Gersh Budker in 1966, reducing the size and energy spread of stored particle beams with a matched electron beam.
Electron counting
Electron counting is a detection mode in electron microscopy in which the camera registers each individual electron, removing readout noise and improving dose efficiency for cryo-EM.
Electron crystallography
Electron crystallography determines the atomic structure of crystals by diffracting an electron beam, working on crystals far smaller than X-ray diffraction requires and revealing light-atom positions and charge states.
Electron cyclotron current drive
Electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) drives non-inductive current in fusion plasmas by injecting millimeter waves, providing highly localized current for tokamak operation and tearing-mode control.
Electron cyclotron resonance
Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is the condition in which electrons gyrating in a magnetic field absorb energy continuously from an electromagnetic wave of matching frequency.
Electron cyclotron resonance heating
Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) heats fusion plasma with microwaves tuned to the electron gyration frequency; it is the predominant heating method of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator.
Electron deficiency
Electron deficiency in chemistry is the condition of a molecule with too few valence electrons for normal two-center two-electron bonds, so bonding is multicenter, as in diborane and the boranes.
Electron degeneracy pressure
Electron degeneracy pressure, also known as Fermi pressure, is the pressure from electrons forced into high-momentum states by the Pauli exclusion principle, supporting white dwarfs against gravity.
Electron density
Electron density is the probability per unit volume of finding an electron at a given point in space, a physical observable measured by X-ray diffraction.
Electron diffraction
Electron diffraction is the scattering of an electron beam by the periodic electric potential of a crystal, producing patterns from which atomic structure can be determined.
Electron donor–acceptor complex photoactivation
Electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex photoactivation is a synthetic strategy where an electron-rich donor and electron-poor acceptor form a complex that absorbs visible light, generating radicals without a photocatalyst.
Electron electric dipole moment
The electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) is a hypothetical charge separation along the electron's spin axis; none has been observed, with the best limit set in 2023.
Electron electric dipole moment search
The electron electric dipole moment search (eEDM) looks for a permanent charge separation along the electron's spin; none has been found, with a current limit of 4.1×10⁻³⁰ e·cm.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) measures the energy a beam of electrons transfers to a material, reading composition, bonding, and excitations, with modern instruments reaching single-atom sensitivity.
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy imaging
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy imaging is a transmission electron microscopy technique that maps elements and chemical bonding states pixel by pixel, and is especially useful for light elements such as nitrogen.
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy with monochromated STEM
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy with monochromated STEM (monochromated STEM-EELS) passes a scanning transmission electron microscope's beam through a monochromator, reaching few-meV energy resolution to measure bandgaps, plasmons, excitons, and vibrational modes.
Electron hole
An electron hole is a quasiparticle representing a missing electron in a filled valence band, behaving as a mobile positive charge carrier with charge +e in semiconductors.
Electron holography
Electron holography is an electron-microscopy technique that reconstructs the phase of the electron wave passing through a specimen, quantitatively imaging electric and magnetic fields at nanometer resolution.
Electron Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry
Electron Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry, or electronic HOM interferometry, collides single electrons from independent sources on a beam splitter; indistinguishable fermions antibunch, giving a Pauli dip that measures wave-packet indistinguishability.
Electron hydrodynamics
Viscous electron flow is a regime of electrical conduction in which momentum-conserving electron collisions dominate, so charge flows like a viscous fluid described by hydrodynamic equations rather than Ohm's law.
Electron hydrodynamics in graphene
Electron hydrodynamics in graphene is a transport regime where electrons collide with each other and flow collectively like a viscous fluid rather than obeying Ohm's law.
Electron ionization
Electron ionization, also called electron impact ionization, is the process in which an electron collision ejects bound electrons from an atom or molecule, leaving a positive ion.
Electron localization function
The electron localization function (ELF), introduced by Axel Becke and Kathrin Edgecombe in 1990, visualizes chemical bonds, lone pairs, and atomic shells from quantum chemical calculations.
Electron magnetic moment
The electron magnetic moment is the magnetic dipole moment of the electron, produced by its spin and electric charge and measured in units of the Bohr magneton.
Electron mass
The electron mass, also called the electron rest mass, is the mass of the electron, the lightest charged elementary particle, about 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg or 0.511 MeV in energy.
Electron microprobe analysis
Electron microprobe analysis, also called electron probe microanalysis, is an analytical technique that measures characteristic X-rays to determine element concentrations in solids at the micrometer scale.
Electron Microscopy
Electron microscopy is a family of imaging techniques using electron beams instead of light to visualize fine structure, including TEM and SEM, pioneered by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1931.
Electron mobility
Electron mobility measures how quickly an electron drifts through a metal or semiconductor under an electric field; it is a common metric for judging the quality of transistor materials.
Electron neutrino
The electron neutrino (νe) is an electrically neutral elementary particle of the Standard Model, paired with the electron and produced in beta decay and solar fusion.