42,772 articles
Electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy
Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a magnetic resonance technique that detects nuclear transitions through an EPR signal, measuring hyperfine interactions in radicals, metalloproteins, and semiconductor defects.
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), also known as electron spin resonance (ESR), is a spectroscopic technique that probes unpaired electrons in free radicals, transition metal complexes, and defects; it was discovered in 1944.
Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry
Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry, or EPR oximetry, is a spectroscopic method that measures oxygen partial pressure in tissue from broadening of an added spin probe's EPR spectrum.
Electron probe microanalysis
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is an analytical technique that focuses a beam of electrons on a specimen to determine which elements are present and in what amounts.
Electron ptychographic tomography
Electron ptychographic tomography is an electron microscopy method that combines ptychographic phase retrieval from 4D-STEM data with tomographic reconstruction, recovering 3D atomic structure at sub-angstrom precision in light elements.
Electron ptychography
Electron ptychography is an electron microscopy technique that reconstructs a specimen's structure and electric fields from 4D-STEM diffraction data, reaching deep-sub-ångström resolution with 10 to 100 times better dose efficiency.
Electron radiography
Electron radiography is an imaging technique that forms images by recording fast electrons transmitted or deflected by an object, including laser-plasma radiography of dense targets and plasma wakes.
Electron shell
An electron shell is a set of atomic orbitals sharing the same principal quantum number n, an energy level in an atom, first proposed in Niels Bohr's 1913 model.
Electron shuttling
Electron shuttling is the controlled transport of a single electron through quantum dots while preserving its spin, connecting spin qubits tens of micrometers apart in silicon quantum processors.
Electron spectroscopy
Electron spectroscopy is a family of analytical techniques that measures the kinetic energy, and often the angle and spin, of electrons ejected from matter to determine electronic structure and surface composition.
Electron spin
Electron spin is the electron's intrinsic angular momentum, a quantum property taking only two values along any axis, proposed by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit in 1925.
Electron spin echo
The electron spin echo is a microwave signal in which dephased electron spins refocus after two or more microwave pulses; it underlies nearly all pulsed EPR.
Electron spin resonance dating
Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating, also called electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating, measures radiation-induced defects in minerals to date fossils and sediments, especially tooth enamel, over the Quaternary.
Electron spin resonance scanning tunneling microscopy
Electron spin resonance scanning tunneling microscopy combines the atomic-scale imaging of a scanning tunneling microscope with electron spin resonance, first achieving single-atom spin detection in 2015.
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) is a pulsed EPR technique, reported in 1965, that measures hyperfine and quadrupole interactions between an electron spin and nuclei within roughly 0.8 nm.
Electron temperature gradient instability
The electron temperature gradient (ETG) instability is a drift-wave microinstability of magnetically confined fusion plasmas, driven by the electron temperature gradient and considered a main cause of anomalous electron heat transport in tokamak cores.
Electron transfer
Electron transfer, or ET, is a chemical event in which an electron moves from a donor to an acceptor, occurring by quantum tunnelling in photosynthesis and respiration.
Electron-activated dissociation
Electron-activated dissociation (EAD) is a tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation technique that uses a tunable electron beam to fragment ions, preserving labile modifications and revealing lipid structures that collision-induced dissociation often misses.
Electron-beam single-atom manipulation
Electron-beam single-atom manipulation is the use of a focused electron beam in an aberration-corrected STEM to move individual atoms or atomic columns within a material.
Electron-capture supernova
An electron-capture supernova is a stellar explosion in which collapse of an 8 to 10 solar mass star's core is triggered by electron captures, not an iron core.
Electron-impact excitation
Electron-impact excitation is the inelastic collision in which a free electron raises a bound electron of an atom, ion, or molecule to a higher energy level.
Electron-Ion Collider
The Electron-Ion Collider is a particle accelerator under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory that will collide polarized electrons with protons and nuclei to map quarks and gluons.
Electron-on-helium
Electron-on-helium is a proposed quantum-computing platform in which individual electrons float in vacuum above liquid helium and act as qubits, first proposed in 1999, with a 2023 fault-tolerant blueprint.
Electron-transfer dissociation
Electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) is a tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation method, reported in 2004, in which a reagent anion transfers an electron to a protonated peptide, preserving labile modifications.
Electron–phonon coupling
Electron–phonon coupling is the interaction between the electrons of a solid and the vibrations of its crystal lattice, known as phonons. It underlies conventional superconductivity and sets intrinsic limits on carrier mobility.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity, also known as the Pauling Electronegativity Scale, is the power of an atom to attract bonding electrons, introduced by Linus Pauling in 1932; fluorine is the most electronegative element.
Electronic band structure
Electronic band structure, also known as band structure or band theory, gives the allowed electron energies in a crystal and determines whether it conducts electricity or acts as a semiconductor or insulator.
Electronic friction in molecule–surface scattering
Electronic friction in molecule–surface scattering is a dissipative force on atoms and molecules at metal surfaces, arising from excitation of low-energy electron–hole pairs in the metal.
Electronic Journal of Combinatorics
The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics (E-JC) is a peer-reviewed open-access online journal for discrete mathematics, founded in 1994 by Herbert Wilf and Neil Calkin as one of the first journals delivered over the World Wide Web.
Electronic lab notebook
An electronic lab notebook (ELN) is a computer system used to create, store, retrieve, and share electronic research records in place of a paper lab notebook.