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Electroreductive cross-coupling of alkyl halides
Electroreductive cross-coupling of alkyl halides, often called electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling or eXEC, forms carbon–carbon bonds between two electrophiles using electrons from a cathode in place of zinc or manganese.
Electroreductive deoxygenation
Electroreductive deoxygenation is a family of organic electrosynthesis reactions that remove or convert oxygen groups, chiefly C–O and C=O bonds, at a cathode using electrons as the reductant.
Electrorheological fluid
An electrorheological (ER) fluid is a suspension of polarizable particles in insulating liquid that turns solid-like within milliseconds under an electric field, an effect patented by Willis Winslow in 1947.
Electroscope
An electroscope is an instrument that detects electric charge by electrostatic repulsion within itself; in the classic gold-leaf form, charged leaves swing apart, indicating the amount of charge.
Electrospray deposition
Electrospray deposition (ESD) is a soft, solvent-based fabrication method that uses electric fields to atomize liquid into fine charged droplets, depositing thin uniform films for solar cells, fuel cells, and implants.
Electrospray ionization
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a soft ionization technique that turns dissolved molecules into intact gas-phase ions for mass spectrometry, developed by John B. Fenn at Yale.
Electrostatic analyzer
An electrostatic analyzer is a charged-particle instrument that separates electrons or ions by kinetic energy using a static electric field, used in electron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and spacecraft plasma instruments.
Electrostatic discharge
Electrostatic discharge (ESD), also called static discharge, is the sudden flow of electricity between objects at different electrical potentials, ranging from doorknob sparks to lightning.
Electrostatic force microscopy
Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is a scanning probe technique that maps a surface's electric potential, charge distribution, and dielectric response using a biased conductive tip.
Electrostatic generator
An electrostatic generator is a device that produces high electric voltage by accumulating static charge; examples include the Van de Graaff, Wimshurst, and Cockcroft–Walton generators.
Electrostatic induction
Electrostatic induction is the redistribution of electric charge within a conductor or dielectric caused by a nearby external charge, without any contact, demonstrated by Faraday's 1843 ice pail experiment.
Electrostatic potential surface
An electrostatic potential surface is a three-dimensional visualization mapping a molecule's electrostatic potential (MEP or ESP) in color onto its outer boundary, used to locate reactive sites and predict binding.
Electrostatic precipitator
An electrostatic precipitator, also known as an electrostatic air cleaner, is a device that removes particulate matter from industrial gas streams with electrical charge, achieving over 99 percent collection efficiency.
Electrostatic septum
An electrostatic septum is a particle accelerator device that separates circulating beams from injected or extracted beams with an electric field across a very thin electrode.
Electrostatic spraying
Electrostatic spraying is a technique in which an electric field charges atomized liquid droplets so electrostatic attraction drives them onto a grounded target, used for paints, agricultural pesticides, and disinfectants.
Electrostatics
Electrostatics, also called classical electrostatics, is the branch of electromagnetism describing electric charges at rest and their fields and forces; it underlies capacitance, dielectrics, electrostatic shielding, xerography, and precipitators.
Electrosynthesis
Electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds, especially organic molecules, by electrochemical reactions in which electrons supplied at electrodes replace conventional chemical oxidants and reductants.
Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide
Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide produces H₂O₂ by electrochemical reactions, chiefly the two-electron oxygen reduction at a cathode, pursued as an on-site alternative to the centralized anthraquinone process.
Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, also called graphite furnace AAS, atomizes a microliter sample in an electrically heated graphite tube, with detection limits 20 to 200 times lower than flame AAS.
Electrotonic potential
Electrotonic potential (electrotone): a graded, passive local change in membrane potential that spreads with decrement along neurons, described by cable theory and the length constant λ, unlike the all-or-none action potential.
Electroweak baryogenesis
Electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) is a proposed mechanism in which the universe's matter-antimatter asymmetry was generated during the electroweak phase transition, proposed in 1985 by Kuzmin, Rubakov, and Shaposhnikov.
Electroweak interaction
The electroweak interaction, also known as the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model, is the unified description of the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces, formulated in the 1960s and honored with the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Electroweak precision observables
Electroweak precision observables are measured quantities, such as the Z and W boson masses and the weak mixing angle, tested against Standard Model predictions through a global fit.
Electroweak symmetry breaking
Electroweak symmetry breaking is the process in the Standard Model by which the Higgs field splits the unified electroweak force into electromagnetic and weak interactions, giving particles mass.
Electrowetting
Electrowetting is the voltage-induced change in a liquid's contact angle on a surface, described by the Young–Lippmann equation and used in liquid lenses, displays, and digital microfluidics.
Electrum
Electrum, also called green-gold, is a naturally occurring gold-silver alloy whose color ranges from pale yellow to white, used for the first coins struck in Lydia around 650 BCE.
Element
Element is an international testing, inspection, and calibration company serving industries such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and energy, with over 270 laboratories and ISO/IEC 17025-accredited calibration.
Element (category theory)
In category theory, a generalized element of an object X is a morphism x : A → X, whose domain A is called its shape or stage of definition.
Element of a set
An element of a set, also called a member, is an object that belongs to the set, written a ∈ A; membership is the basic relation of set theory.
Elemental mapping
Elemental mapping is an analytical microscopy technique that scans an electron or X-ray beam across a sample to image where each chemical element sits, pixel by pixel.