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Fluorobenzoic acids
The fluorobenzoic acids are the three ring-fluorinated isomers of benzoic acid, C6H4FCO2H, with fluorine at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position, used as intermediates in pharmaceuticals, PET radiolabeling, and polymers.
Fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbons, also called perfluorocarbons or fluorinated hydrocarbons, are organofluorine compounds made of only carbon and fluorine, invented as refrigerants in the 1930s and known for their chemical inertness.
Fluorodopa
Fluorodopa (6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA, also written 18F-FDOPA) is a fluorine-18 radiolabeled analog of L-DOPA, FDA approved in 2019 as a PET tracer for suspected Parkinsonian syndromes and also used to image neuroendocrine tumors.
Fluoroethylene carbonate
Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is a fluorinated cyclic carbonate used overwhelmingly as an electrolyte additive in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, forming a protective SEI film on the anode.
Fluorogenic probe
A fluorogenic probe is a small molecule that is dark until a specific chemical reaction turns it fluorescent, giving bright signal with little background for live-cell imaging.
Fluorometer
A fluorometer, also spelled fluorimeter, is an instrument that measures the intensity and wavelength distribution of fluorescence from excited molecules, in forms from benchtop filter devices to sensors deployed in rivers and groundwater.
Fluorophenol
Fluorophenols are phenols bearing one or more fluorine atoms directly on the aromatic ring, used chiefly as intermediates in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and liquid-crystal manufacture; 4-fluorophenol builds drugs like cisapride.
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy, or fluoroscopic imaging, is a medical imaging technique that shows a continuous real-time X-ray image on a monitor, like an X-ray movie, used to diagnose conditions and guide procedures such as catheter placement.
Fluorosulfonylation
Fluorosulfonylation is the introduction of the fluorosulfonyl group (–SO₂F) into an organic molecule, forming sulfonyl fluorides that serve as connective hubs of SuFEx click chemistry.
Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids
Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs) are polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with a perfluorinated tail and hydrogen-bearing head, formed mainly as intermediates in the environmental breakdown of fluorotelomer alcohols.
Fluorous phase
The fluorous phase is the fluorocarbon-rich phase of a two-liquid system, mostly perfluorinated alkanes and ethers, underlying fluorous biphasic catalysis, introduced by Horváth and Rábai in 1994.
Flupenthixol
Flupenthixol is a first-generation thioxanthene antipsychotic drug, first available in the United Kingdom in 1965, used to treat schizophrenia as tablets or a long-acting injection and, at low doses, depression with or without anxiety.
Fluvastatin
Fluvastatin, sold originally as Lescol, is a synthetic statin that lowers blood cholesterol by blocking HMG-CoA reductase; approved in the US in 1993, it was the first entirely synthetic statin.
Fluvisols
Fluvisols are young soils formed in recent river, lake, and marine deposits in floodplains, deltas, and tidal marshes, classified by stratified sediment and irregular organic matter renewed by periodic flooding, covering about 350 million hectares.
Flux
Flux, also called flow density, is the surface integral of a vector field's perpendicular component through a surface, underlying Gauss's law and Faraday's law of induction.
Flux calibration
Flux calibration is the observational procedure in astronomy that converts raw detector counts into physical flux units by comparing observations of standard sources with the science target.
Flux compactification
Flux compactification is a string theory construction in which extra dimensions form a compact manifold threaded by form-field fluxes that stabilize the moduli, as in KKLT.
Flux density
Flux density is the amount of a quantity passing through a unit area, especially magnetic flux density B, the measure of magnetic field strength in teslas.
Flux linkage
Flux linkage, λ = NΦ, is the total magnetic flux linked by a winding, whose rate of change gives the induced electromotive force in Faraday's law.
Flux method
The flux method grows single crystals by dissolving a compound's components in a molten solvent called a flux and cooling, so crystals form below the compound's melting point.
Flux pinning
Flux pinning, also known as quantum locking, is the immobilization of quantized magnetic flux lines in a type-II superconductor by material defects, which lets it carry large currents without resistance.
Flux quantization
Flux quantization is the restriction of magnetic flux through a multiply connected superconductor, such as a ring, to integer multiples of the quantum h/2e, first observed in 1961.
Flux quantum
The flux quantum (Φ0) is the natural unit of magnetic flux in superconductivity, equal to h/2e and exact since the 2019 SI revision fixed h and e.
Flux qubit
A flux qubit is a superconducting quantum bit whose two states are persistent currents circulating in opposite directions around a loop interrupted by Josephson junctions.
Flux reconstruction
Flux reconstruction, also called CPR, is a high-order numerical method for solving conservation laws such as the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured grids, unifying DG, SV, and SD schemes.
Flux rope
A flux rope is a bundle of magnetic field lines twisted into a helix around a central axis, central to many solar eruptions and coronal mass ejections.
Flux tower
A flux tower is an instrumented tower or mast erected in an ecosystem to measure gas, heat, and momentum exchange with the atmosphere, usually by eddy covariance.
Flux tube (physics)
A flux tube in physics is a narrow tube of chromo-electric field connecting a quark and antiquark, whose energy grows linearly with separation, explaining quark confinement.
Flux-closure domain
A flux-closure domain is a topological domain structure in ferroelectrics in which polarization vectors rotate around a core so electric flux closes, avoiding surface charge buildup.
Fluxgate magnetometer
A fluxgate magnetometer is a vector instrument measuring DC and low-frequency magnetic fields via a saturating ferromagnetic core, invented in 1936 and used from space missions to submarine detection.