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Fluocinolone Acetonide
Fluocinolone acetonide is a synthetic fluorinated corticosteroid, first synthesized at Syntex in 1959, used topically for skin inflammation and in long-acting implants for diabetic macular edema and uveitis.
Fluoranthene
Fluoranthene, also known as 1,2-benzacenaphthene, is a four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, C₁₆H₁₀, produced by pyrolysis of coal and petroleum and found in air, food, and cigarette smoke.
Fluorapatite
Fluorapatite is a calcium fluoride phosphate mineral, Ca5(PO4)3F, and the most abundant member of the apatite group, forming the sedimentary phosphorite deposits that supply the world's phosphorus fertilizer.
Fluorene
Fluorene, also called 9H-fluorene, is a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (C13H10) obtained from coal tar and found in creosote and asphalt, used in OLEDs and peptide chemistry.
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is a fluorescein-derived green fluorescent dye whose isothiocyanate group covalently labels protein amines, widely used to tag antibodies in immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.
Fluorescence
Fluorescence is luminescence that occurs only while a substance is irradiated by light, stopping almost immediately when the light is removed, which distinguishes it from the slower phosphorescence.
Fluorescence anisotropy
Fluorescence anisotropy is a photophysical quantity measuring how much fluorescence emission retains the excitation light's polarization; it reveals molecular rotation, binding, and clustering in assays.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures diffusion, concentrations, and chemical kinetics of fluorescent molecules from fluctuations in a tiny observation volume, introduced in the early 1970s.
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) is a fluorescence fluctuation method that cross-correlates emission from two spectrally distinct labels to measure binding, co-diffusion, and enzymatic reactions in solution and living cells.
Fluorescence detection
Fluorescence detection is an analytical technique that measures light emitted by fluorescent molecules after absorbing excitation light, detecting and quantifying analytes with single-molecule sensitivity in favorable cases.
Fluorescence microscope
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that excites fluorescent molecules in a specimen and separates their weaker emitted light from the excitation, revealing labeled structures with high contrast.
Fluorescence spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy, also known as fluorometry or spectrofluorimetry, is an analytical technique measuring light re-emitted by a substance after it absorbs ultraviolet or visible light.
Fluorescence titration
Fluorescence titration is a sensitive spectroscopic method in which the fluorescence of a sample is monitored while a ligand or quencher is added in increments, to determine binding constants, stoichiometry, and quenching parameters.
Fluorescent lamp
A fluorescent lamp, also called a fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp whose phosphor coating converts ultraviolet radiation into visible light, first sold by General Electric in 1938.
Fluorescent mechanophores
Fluorescent mechanophores are force-sensitive molecular units that change their fluorescence when mechanical force triggers bond scission or rearrangement, allowing stress mapping, damage detection, and cellular mechanobiology studies with standard fluorescence microscopy.
Fluorescent nanodiamond
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are diamond particles of several to about 100 nanometers whose nitrogen-vacancy color centers give photostable fluorescence, enabling long-term cell tracking, drug delivery, and intracellular quantum sensing of temperature and magnetic fields.
Fluoride
Fluoride, the monatomic anion of fluorine (F⁻), also names fluoride compounds; it occurs in fluorite and groundwater and prevents tooth decay in toothpaste and water.
Fluoride fiber
A fluoride fiber is an optical fiber made of heavy metal fluoride glass, most commonly ZBLAN, rather than silica; it transmits light into the mid-infrared and hosts rare-earth-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers.
Fluorinated amino acids
Fluorinated amino acids are amino acids in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine or fluorinated groups such as CF3, altering acidity and hydrophobicity.
Fluorinated aryl ethers
Fluorinated aryl ethers are aryl ethers bearing fluorine or perfluoroalkyl groups like OCF3, used in drugs such as riluzole and in pesticides, first synthesized by Yagupol'skii in 1955.
Fluorinated dicarboxylic acids
Fluorinated dicarboxylic acids are dicarboxylic acids carrying fluorine atoms or groups such as CF3, exemplified by tetrafluorosuccinic and difluoromaleic acids, used in polymers and metal–organic frameworks.
Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9, a dangerously reactive pale yellow-green gas first isolated by Henri Moissan in 1886.
Fluorine-18
Fluorine-18 is a radioactive isotope of fluorine with a roughly 110-minute half-life that decays by positron emission, making it the most frequently used radioisotope in PET imaging, best known for the tracer FDG.
Fluorine-18 radiochemistry
Fluorine-18 radiochemistry is the branch of radiochemistry that produces the positron-emitting isotope fluorine-18 and bonds it into molecules for PET imaging, chiefly by nucleophilic fluoride substitution; its flagship tracer is FDG.
Fluorine-doped tin oxide
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is a transparent conducting oxide of tin dioxide doped with fluorine, first made in the 1940s and now widely used in low-emissivity window glass and solar cells.
Fluorine-substituted disordered rock-salt cathode
A fluorine-substituted disordered rock-salt cathode is a lithium-ion battery cathode material in which a fraction of the oxygen anions is replaced by fluorine, reducing oxygen loss during cycling.
Fluorite
Fluorite, also called fluorspar, is a soft, glassy mineral form of calcium fluoride (CaF₂) that comes in many colors, most often purple, green, and yellow.
Fluoroalkylation
Fluoroalkylation is an organic reaction that transfers a fluoroalkyl group, such as trifluoromethyl, to a substrate, and its products matter because fluoroalkyl groups appear in 30 to 40% of FDA-approved drugs.
Fluoroantimonic acid
Fluoroantimonic acid, also known as hydrogen fluoroantimonate, is a family of mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride, the strongest known liquid superacid, strong enough to protonate hydrocarbons and stored in Teflon rather than glass.
Fluorobenzene
Fluorobenzene, also called phenyl fluoride or monofluorobenzene, is the simplest aryl fluoride, a colorless, highly flammable liquid (C₆H₅F) made by the Balz–Schiemann reaction and used as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals and pesticides.