42,772 articles
Flow network
A flow network is a directed graph in which each edge has a capacity, with a source that generates flow and a sink that absorbs it; the central problem is finding a maximum flow.
Flow photochemistry
Flow photochemistry is the practice of running light-driven chemical reactions in a continuous flow reactor, where reactants are pumped through narrow, irradiated tubing for uniform illumination.
Flow plasticity theory
Flow plasticity theory is the branch of continuum mechanics that describes permanent plastic deformation of solids by a flow rule, together with a yield criterion and a hardening rule.
Flow routing
Flow routing is the family of hydrologic methods that determines the timing and magnitude of a flood wave at a downstream point from upstream data.
Flow separation
Flow separation is the detachment of a fluid's boundary layer from a surface under an adverse pressure gradient, sharply increasing drag and causing wing stall.
Flow synthesis
Flow synthesis is a method of chemical synthesis in which reagents are pumped continuously through tubing or channels instead of being combined in a batch flask.
Flow tracing
Flow tracing is an experimental fluid dynamics technique that measures fluid motion by tracking tracers such as particles, dyes, or bubbles, yielding trajectories and velocity fields.
Flow visualization
Flow visualization is the set of techniques for making fluid motion visible, from dye and smoke tracers to quantitative velocity measurement by particle image velocimetry.
Flower pollination algorithm
The flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is a nature-inspired optimization method introduced by Xin-She Yang in 2012 that mimics plant pollination to find global optima of objective functions.
Flower structure
A flower structure is an array of faults in a strike-slip fault zone that merges at depth and diverges upward like petals; positive and negative types form hydrocarbon traps.
Flowmeters
Flowmeters are instruments measuring liquid or gas flow rate via Coriolis, differential pressure, ultrasonic, electromagnetic, turbine, vortex, or thermal principles; about sixty techniques exist, calibrated against NIST primary standards with uncertainties below 0.03%.
Floyd Firestone
Floyd Firestone was an American acoustical physicist at the University of Michigan who invented the supersonic reflectoscope, a pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detector, and edited the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
Floyd K. Richtmyer
Floyd K. Richtmyer (1881–1939) was an American physicist and X-ray spectroscopist who spent his career at Cornell University, led its Graduate School, and wrote the influential textbook Introduction to Modern Physics.
Fluctuation spectroscopy
Fluctuation spectroscopy extracts the dynamics and properties of physical, chemical, or biological systems by analyzing spontaneous fluctuations of a measured signal; its best-developed branch is fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
Fluctuation X-ray scattering
Fluctuation X-ray scattering (FXS), also called correlated X-ray scattering, is an X-ray technique proposed by Zvi Kam in 1977 that recovers particle structure from angular correlations in diffraction patterns.
Fluctuation–dissipation theorem
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) is a statistical mechanics result stating that a system's linear response to small perturbations is fixed by its equilibrium fluctuations; large fluctuations imply strong response.
Flucytosine
Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine, 5-FC) is a synthetic fluorinated analog of cytosine used as an antifungal drug, almost always combined with amphotericin B, most importantly for cryptococcal meningitis.
Fludarabine
Fludarabine, also known as fludarabine phosphate, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and as conditioning before stem cell transplants and CAR-T cell therapy.
Fluence rate
Fluence rate, also called scalar irradiance, is the radiant power striking a small sphere from all directions per unit area, measured in watts per square meter.
Fluid
A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid, gas, or plasma, that flows and continually deforms under shear stress rather than resisting it like a solid.
Fluid bearing
A fluid bearing, or fluid dynamic bearing, carries load on a pressurized film of liquid or gas, giving no metal-to-metal contact and in principle no wear.
Fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics, also called fluid motion, is the branch of fluid mechanics describing how liquids and gases move and the forces that act on them, studied alongside fluid statics.
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics, also known as fluid physics or mechanics of fluids, is the branch of mechanics studying liquids and gases at rest and in motion, with applications from aircraft to blood flow.
Fluid of light
A fluid of light, or quantum fluid of light, is an ensemble of photons that behaves collectively as a quantum fluid, acquiring effective mass and mutual interactions in a nonlinear medium.
Fluid ounce
The fluid ounce (fl oz) is a unit of liquid volume, with a US version of about 29.57 mL and a slightly smaller British imperial one of about 28.41 mL.
Fluid queue
A fluid queue is a stochastic model of a buffer filling and draining fluid at rates set by a background Markov chain, developed for dams in the 1950s.
Fluid simulation
Fluid simulation is the numerical computation of liquid and gas behavior on a computer, used in engineering CFD and in visual effects for film and games.
Fluid–structure interaction
Fluid–structure interaction, or FSI, is the coupled physics in which fluid forces deform a solid and structural motion changes the flow, governing airplane wings, bridges, and blood flow.
Fluidization
Fluidization is the process in which an upward fluid flow suspends solid particles so the bed behaves like a boiling liquid, used in fluidized bed combustion and drying.
FLUKA
FLUKA, or FLUKA Particle Transport Code, is a general purpose Monte Carlo code simulating hadrons, leptons, and photons from keV to cosmic ray energies, developed at CERN and INFN.