Physical world and mathematics

Goodhart's law

Goodhart's law of economics is the observation that a measure loses its value once pressure is placed on it, phrased as "when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure."

Goodness of fit is a statistical measure and test of how well a hypothesized probability distribution or fitted model is consistent with observed data, using tests such as Pearson's chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Anderson-Darling.

GOODS Southern Field

GOODS Southern Field, also known as GOODS-South or GOODS-S, is one of two fields of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey, a deep multi-wavelength galaxy survey.

GOODS-N Field

GOODS-N (also GOODS-North) is the northern of the two deep sky survey fields of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey, centered on the Hubble Deep Field North.

Goodstein's theorem

Goodstein's theorem is a statement in number theory, proved by Reuben Goodstein in 1944, that every Goodstein sequence eventually reaches 0 but cannot be proved in Peano Arithmetic.

Google Analytics

Google Analytics, also known as Universal Analytics for its earlier version, is a Google service tracking website traffic and user behavior, based on Urchin Software, acquired in 2005.

Google Calendar

Google Calendar is a free web-based time-management and scheduling service from Google, launched in 2006 and estimated to serve more than 1.5 billion accounts as of 2025.

Googol

A googol, ten duotrigintillion, is the number 10 to the 100th power, named in 1938 by nine-year-old Milton Sirotta, whose uncle Edward Kasner popularized it.

Gopakumar-Vafa invariants

Gopakumar-Vafa invariants, also called GV invariants, count BPS states of M2 branes wrapping holomorphic curves in a Calabi-Yau threefold, introduced by Rajesh Gopakumar and Cumrun Vafa in 1998.

GoPro

GoPro is an American camera company in San Mateo, California, founded by Nicholas Woodman in 2004, best known for making hands-free self-capture during sports practical for consumers.

Göran Ekström

Göran Ekström is a Swedish seismologist at Columbia University who leads the Global CMT Project and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2019.

Göran Lindblad (theoretical physicist)

Göran Lindblad (1940–2022) was a Swedish theoretical physicist at KTH Royal Institute of Technology who derived the Lindblad equation, the master equation for Markovian open quantum systems.

Goran Ungar

Goran Ungar is a polymer and liquid crystal scientist and Emeritus Professor of Polymers and Organic Materials at the University of Sheffield, known for discovering the first liquid quasicrystals.

Gordon Baym

Gordon Baym is an American theoretical physicist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign since 1963, known for neutron-star matter, quantum fluids, and the Kadanoff–Baym formalism, and winner of the Bethe and Onsager prizes.

Gordon C. Osbourn

Gordon C. Osbourn is an American physicist at Sandia National Laboratories known for originating strained-layer superlattices, elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2002.

Gordon Danby

Gordon Danby (1929–2016) was a Canadian-born physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory who, with James R. Powell, invented superconducting maglev trains, earning the 2000 Benjamin Franklin Medal.

Gordon Ferrie Hull

Gordon Ferrie Hull (1870–1956) was a Canadian-born American physicist who, with Ernest Fox Nichols at Dartmouth College, made the first precise measurement of the pressure of light, and taught physics there for 41 years.

Gordon Gould

Gordon Gould (1920–2005) was an American physicist who coined the word "laser" as a Columbia graduate student in 1957 and spent nearly 30 years winning his patents.

Gordon Hammes

Gordon Hammes is an American biochemist and Duke University professor known for enzyme kinetics and single-molecule studies of enzyme dynamics, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1973.

Gordon J. F. MacDonald

Gordon J. F. MacDonald (1929–2002) was an American geophysicist whose work spanned high-pressure geochemistry, seismology, planetary science, and environmental policy; he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences at 32.

Gordon Pettengill

Gordon Pettengill (1926–2021) was an American radio astronomer and MIT professor who pioneered radar studies of the Moon, Mercury, and Venus, and directed the Arecibo Observatory.

Gordon Thomas Whyburn

Gordon Thomas Whyburn (1904–1969) was an American mathematician in point-set topology, known for cyclic element theory and interior transformations, and chairman of mathematics at the University of Virginia.

Gordon Walker (Canadian astronomer)

Gordon A. H. Walker (born 1936) is a Canadian astronomer and professor emeritus at the University of British Columbia who was among the first to detect planets around other stars.

Gordon Walter Semenoff

Gordon Walter Semenoff is a theoretical physicist at the University of British Columbia who identified the parity anomaly and showed in 1984 that graphene's electrons obey a Dirac equation.

Gorenstein ring

A Gorenstein ring, named after Daniel Gorenstein, is a commutative Noetherian local ring of finite injective dimension over itself; every Gorenstein ring is Cohen–Macaulay and is its own canonical module.

Gorilla Glass

Gorilla Glass, also known as Corning Gorilla Glass, is a family of chemically strengthened cover glasses made by Corning for smartphones, launched with the first iPhone in 2007.

Oct 21, 2026

Gorny Institute

Gorny Institute (Gornogo Instituta, Gornyi Institute) is a 2,125 m Holocene stratovolcano in the central Sredinny Range, Kamchatka, Russia; last major eruption about 700 years ago (1250 CE).

Gorō Shimura

Gorō Shimura (志村五郎) was a Japanese number theorist at Princeton University who introduced Shimura varieties and, with Yutaka Taniyama, predicted the modularity behind Fermat's Last Theorem.

Gosset polytope

A Gosset polytope is one of a family of semiregular polytopes in six, seven, and eight dimensions discovered by Thorold Gosset in 1900, the most famous being the eight-dimensional 421 polytope.