42,772 articles
GOST (ГОСТ)
GOST (ГОСТ, state standard) is a family of technical standards begun in the Soviet Union in 1925 and continued as interstate CIS standards and Russian GOST R standards.
Gösta Ekspong
Gösta Ekspong (1922–2017) was a Swedish particle physicist, professor at Stockholm University from 1960 to 1988, who discovered neutral pions in cosmic rays and chaired the Nobel physics committee.
Gösta Mittag-Leffler
Gösta Mittag-Leffler, born Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler (1846–1927), was a Swedish mathematician who proved the Mittag-Leffler theorem, founded Acta Mathematica in 1882, and whose Djursholm estate became a research institute.
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill (GKP) qubit
The Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill (GKP) qubit, proposed in 2001 by Gottesman, Kitaev, and Preskill, encodes a logical qubit in a harmonic oscillator and is now realized in trapped ions and superconducting circuits.
Gottesman–Knill theorem
The Gottesman–Knill theorem is a result in quantum information theory stating that quantum circuits made only of Clifford gates can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer.
Gottfried Köthe
Gottfried Köthe (1905–1989) was a German mathematician and Nestor of functional analysis in Germany, known for sequence space theory, the Köthe–Toeplitz dual, and the monograph Topological Vector Spaces.
Gottfried Otting
Gottfried Otting is an Australian-based biomolecular NMR spectroscopist and Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University, known for protein hydration studies and lanthanide tagging for determining protein structures by NMR.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician who invented calculus independently of Newton and built one of the first calculators able to multiply and divide.
Gou Lijun
Gou Lijun (苟利军) is a Chinese astrophysicist at the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences known for measuring black hole spins, including Cygnus X-1.
Gould Belt
The Gould Belt is a band of bright, young stars and star-forming clouds tilted about 20 degrees to the Milky Way's plane, supplying many of the brightest stars in the sky.
Gouverneur Kemble Warren
Gouverneur Kemble Warren (1830–1882) was an American army engineer who mapped the trans-Mississippi West and led the Army of the Potomac's engineers in the Civil War.
Govindasamy Mugesh
Govindasamy Mugesh, born 1970, is an Indian bioinorganic and medicinal chemist, professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, winner of the 2012 Bhatnagar and 2019 Infosys Prizes.
Gowdy solution
The Gowdy solution, also called the Gowdy universe, is an exact vacuum solution of Einstein's equations modeling gravitational waves in a closed universe, introduced by Robert Gowdy in 1971.
Gowers norm
The Gowers norm, or Gowers uniformity norm, is a measure of how far a function on a finite group deviates from a low-degree polynomial phase, introduced by Timothy Gowers in 1998.
GP Velorum
GP Velorum, also known as HD 77581, is a blue supergiant star of about 24 solar masses that forms the optical component of the eclipsing X-ray binary Vela X-1.
GPM Core Observatory
The GPM Core Observatory is a joint NASA and JAXA satellite launched in 2014 that measures rain and falling snow and calibrates partner precipitation satellites.
GPS time
GPS time is the continuous time scale of the United States Global Positioning System, counted in weeks from January 6, 1980 and kept within a microsecond of the US Naval Observatory's UTC.
GPS-disciplined oscillator
A GPS-disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) is a frequency standard that combines the long-term accuracy of GPS timing signals with the short-term stability of a local quartz or atomic oscillator.
gPTP
gPTP (generalized Precision Time Protocol) is the time-synchronization protocol of IEEE 802.1AS, a profile of IEEE 1588 that distributes a common clock across bridged networks and underlies AVB and TSN.
GR4J
GR4J, French for rural engineering model with 4 daily parameters, is a daily lumped rainfall-runoff model developed at Cemagref in France and widely used across climates.
Grace Bates
Grace Elizabeth Bates (1914–1996) was an American mathematician and professor emeritus at Mount Holyoke College, known for work on loops and quasigroups and the Bates distribution.
GRACE Follow-On
GRACE Follow-On, known as GRACE-FO, is a twin-satellite NASA and GFZ mission launched in 2018 that tracks water movement by measuring changes in Earth's gravity field.
Grace Wahba
Grace Wahba, born 1934, is a statistician who spent 51 years at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and won the 2025 International Prize in Statistics for smoothing splines.
Graceful labeling
A graceful labeling assigns graph vertices distinct integers from 0 to q so that the edge differences are also distinct; whether every tree has one is open.
Grad–Shafranov equation
The Grad–Shafranov equation is the partial differential equation governing ideal magnetohydrodynamic plasma equilibrium in axisymmetric toroidal geometry, and it is the basic equation of tokamak equilibrium theory.
Grade (slope)
Grade, also called percent slope or road gradient, measures steepness as vertical rise divided by horizontal run; a 1 percent grade means a 1-foot rise over 100 feet.
GRADE approach
The GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) is a framework for rating evidence certainty and developing health care recommendations, used by WHO and Cochrane since 2000.
GRADE-CERQual
GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) assesses confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses, rating each finding high, moderate, low, or very low.
Graded ring
A graded ring is a ring decomposed as a direct sum of pieces indexed by nonnegative integers, where multiplying elements of degrees i and j gives degree i + j.
Graded vector space
A graded vector space, also called a graded linear space, is a vector space decomposed as a direct sum of subspaces indexed by degree, often integers.