42,772 articles
Indigo carmine
Indigo carmine, also called indigotine or FD&C Blue No. 2, is a water-soluble synthetic blue dye used as a food colorant, pH indicator, and medical stain.
Indirect detection of dark matter
Indirect detection of dark matter is the search for gamma rays, neutrinos, and cosmic-ray antimatter produced when dark matter annihilates or decays, complementing direct laboratory detection.
Indirect drive
Indirect drive is an inertial confinement fusion approach in which lasers heat a gold hohlraum, producing x-rays that compress the fuel capsule, the primary method at the National Ignition Facility.
Indirect tensile test
The indirect tensile test, also called the splitting tensile or Brazilian test, measures tensile strength of concrete, rock, ceramics, and asphalt by compressing a cylinder until it splits.
Indistinguishable particles
Indistinguishable particles, also called identical particles, are particles of the same type that quantum mechanics cannot tell apart even in principle; exchange symmetry divides them into bosons and fermions.
Indium
Indium is a soft, silvery chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49, used mainly as the transparent conductive coating in touchscreens and LCDs.
Indium arsenide
Indium arsenide (InAs) is a binary III–V semiconductor of indium and arsenic with the narrow 0.36 eV direct bandgap and high electron mobility used in infrared detectors and high-speed transistors.
Indium arsenide self-assembled quantum dots
Indium arsenide self-assembled quantum dots (InAs quantum dots, InAs QDs) are nanoscale InAs islands formed spontaneously by strain during epitaxial growth, used as single-photon sources for quantum information technology.
Indium chloride
Indium chloride is the trichloride of indium, InCl₃, used in nuclear medicine as indium-111 chloride to radiolabel antibodies and white blood cells, and industrially as a synthesis reagent.
Indium gallium nitride
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) is a semiconductor alloy of gallium nitride and indium nitride whose tunable bandgap makes it the active layer in blue and green LEDs and Blu-ray lasers.
Indium gallium zinc oxide
Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is an amorphous oxide semiconductor used in display thin-film transistors, first reported in 2003 and commercialized in products including Apple's iPad.
Indium oxide
Indium oxide (In2O3), also called indium trioxide, is a wide-band-gap n-type semiconductor oxide best known as the parent compound of indium tin oxide, the most widely used transparent conducting oxide.
Indium oxide CO2 hydrogenation catalysts
Indium oxide CO2 hydrogenation catalysts are In2O3 materials that turn CO2 and hydrogen into methanol, with surface oxygen vacancies as the active sites and methanol selectivity up to 99%.
Indium phosphide quantum dots
Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) are nanometer-scale crystals of a III–V semiconductor whose size-tunable emission spans blue to near-infrared, serving as cadmium-free color converters in displays.
Indium selenide
Indium selenide is a family of layered III-VI semiconductor compounds of indium and selenium, principally InSe and In2Se3, combining high electron mobility with room-temperature ferroelectricity for memory and optoelectronic devices.
Indium telluride
Indium telluride is a family of binary indium-tellurium compounds, including InTe and In₂Te₃, studied chiefly as semiconductors and thermoelectric materials, with InTe showing exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity.
Indium tin oxide
Indium tin oxide (ITO), also called tin-doped indium oxide, is a transparent conducting semiconductor, a solid solution of indium oxide and tin oxide used in touchscreens and displays.
Indium tin oxide epsilon-near-zero
Indium tin oxide epsilon-near-zero (ITO ENZ) is the near-infrared regime where indium tin oxide's permittivity crosses zero, producing slow-light enhancement and ultrafast nonlinear optical effects used in nanophotonics.
Indium-111
Indium-111 is a radioactive isotope of indium used in nuclear medicine as a gamma-emitting tracer, best known for labeling white blood cells to image infection.
Individual
An individual, in biology and philosophy of biology, is a discrete biological entity, such as an organism, a cell, or a species, distinguishable from its parts and from mere groups.
Individual interview
An individual interview is a one-on-one conversation in which one person has the role of researcher, used to gather detailed accounts of experiences, views, or practices.
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster covers the plant staff, firefighters, medical personnel, and liquidators who responded to the 26 April 1986 explosion of Reactor No. 4.
Individual participant data meta-analysis
Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis collects, checks, and re-analyzes raw data for every participant in each study, offering advantages over aggregate meta-analysis but taking at least two years.
Individual patient data meta-analysis
Individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis is a method of evidence synthesis that combines raw participant-level records from multiple studies, enabling subgroup analyses aggregate data cannot address reliably.
INDOEX
INDOEX, the Indian Ocean Experiment, was a 1999 international field campaign over the tropical Indian Ocean that measured how South Asian pollution aerosols affect climate.
Indole
Indole, also known as indol or benzopyrrol, is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C₈H₇N, obtained from indigo by Adolf von Baeyer in 1866 and produced by gut bacteria from tryptophan.
Indole-3-carbinol
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a phytochemical produced in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and kale, studied for possible cancer-preventive effects though human evidence remains limited.
Indonesia Family Life Survey
The Indonesia Family Life Survey is an ongoing longitudinal household survey of socioeconomic and health conditions in Indonesia, first fielded in 1993 by RAND and Indonesian partners.
Indoor air quality
Indoor air quality (IAQ), also known as indoor air pollution, describes the air inside buildings that affects people's health, comfort, and productivity; indoor pollutant levels often exceed outdoor levels.
Indoxyl sulfate
Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin derived from dietary tryptophan through gut bacteria and liver enzymes that accumulates in chronic kidney disease and is poorly removed by dialysis.