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Induced dipole
An induced dipole is a temporary electric dipole moment created in an atom or molecule when an external electric field displaces its electron cloud; it vanishes when the field is removed.
Induced drag
Induced drag, also called drag due to lift, is the component of aerodynamic drag a wing generates as a consequence of producing lift, arising from wingtip vortices and downwash.
Induced gravity
Induced gravity is the proposal, made by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, that Einstein's gravity is an effective action induced by vacuum fluctuations of quantum matter fields.
Induced polarization
Induced polarization is a geophysical method measuring the delayed voltage decay of subsurface materials after an injected current is cut off, reporting chargeability and phase, used mainly to explore for disseminated metallic sulfides.
Induced representation
An induced representation is a representation of a group G built from a representation of a subgroup H, with Frobenius reciprocity making induction adjoint to restriction.
Induced seismicity
Induced seismicity, sometimes called man-made earthquake activity, is earthquake activity caused or triggered by human activity, most commonly fluid injection or withdrawal, as in wastewater disposal, geothermal energy, and CO2 storage.
Inductance
Inductance, also called electrical inductance or self-inductance, is the property of a conductor by which changing current induces an electromotive force, measured in henrys and named for Joseph Henry.
Induction and mentoring of early-career physics teachers
Structured support, such as mentoring, reduced loads, and observation with feedback, given to novice physics teachers in their first years, a field with steep under-recruitment and high turnover.
Induction heating
Induction heating, also known as inductive heating or eddy-current heating, heats a conductive object by inducing currents within it using a nearby alternating-current coil, and is used for furnaces, surface hardening, and cooktops.
Induction linac
An induction linac is a linear particle accelerator in which a changing flux in a ferromagnetic core induces the accelerating voltage, delivering beams of hundreds of amperes or more.
Inductive effect
The inductive effect is the polarization of electron density along a chain of σ bonds in a molecule, caused by an atom or group of differing electronegativity.
Inductive inference
Inductive inference is a recursion-theoretic theory of learning in which algorithms fed growing data samples output hypotheses converging to a correct description of an unknown object.
Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning, also called inductive logic or weak induction, is inference whose conclusion goes beyond its premises, so true premises support but never guarantee the conclusion.
Inductively coupled plasma
An inductively coupled plasma (ICP), or induction plasma, is a plasma sustained by radio-frequency energy induced through a coil, used in semiconductor etching and elemental analysis.
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, also known as ICP-OES or ICP-AES, is an analytical technique that determines the elemental composition of samples using an argon plasma.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an analytical technique combining an argon plasma ion source with mass spectrometric detection, first coupled in 1980 and used for trace elemental and isotopic analysis.
Inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOF-MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes a sample in an inductively coupled plasma and separates ions with a time-of-flight mass analyzer.
Inductivism
Inductivism is the philosophical view that science proceeds by generalizing from observed instances to universal laws, articulated by Francis Bacon in 1620 and challenged by Hume's problem of induction.
Industrial applications of diamines
Industry uses diamines and polyamines as reactive building blocks: curing agents for epoxy resins, monomers for polyamide resins, paper wet-strength chemicals, chelating agents, fuel additives, and surfactants.
Industrial applications of higher alkanols
Higher alkanols, also called higher alcohols, are aliphatic alcohols of six or more carbons, used mainly as plasticizer alcohols (C6–C11) and fatty alcohols (C12–C18) for detergents.
Industrial asymmetric synthesis
Industrial asymmetric synthesis uses chiral catalysts to make single-mirror-image chemicals at commercial scale, from Monsanto's L-DOPA process, developed by Nobel laureate William Knowles, to 20,000 metric tons yearly of metolachlor.
Industrial carbon dioxide
Industrial carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide captured as a byproduct of other processes, purified, and sold as compressed gas, refrigerated liquid, or dry ice for uses like beverage carbonation.
Industrial production and uses of aniline
Aniline is a megatonne-scale commodity chemical intermediate, an aromatic amine made almost entirely by catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and consumed chiefly in making MDI for polyurethanes.
Industrial radiography
Industrial radiography, also known as radiographic testing, is the use of X-rays or gamma rays to inspect metal parts and welds for cracks, voids, and other internal defects without damaging the part.
Industrias Peñoles
Industrias Peñoles is a Mexican mining-metallurgical group founded in 1887, the world's largest producer of refined silver and Latin American leader in gold and lead.
Inelastic collision
An inelastic collision is a collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved, being converted to heat, deformation, sound, or internal excitation, while momentum is conserved.
Inelastic electron scattering
Inelastic electron scattering is a family of electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques in which electrons transfer energy to a sample, revealing composition, bonding, and excitations.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is an all-electronic technique producing vibrational spectra from electrons tunneling through a junction or molecule, introduced by Jaklevic and Lambe in 1966.
Inelastic neutron scattering
Inelastic neutron scattering is an experimental technique where neutrons exchange energy and momentum with a material, directly measuring excitations such as phonons and magnons in solids.
Inelastic X-ray scattering
Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) is a measurement technique in which X-ray photons transfer energy and momentum to a sample, revealing its atomic and electronic dynamics such as phonons.