190 articles
Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas
Esmeraldas (San Mateo de las Esmeraldas) is the capital of Ecuador's Esmeraldas Province, on the right bank of the Esmeraldas River mouth; a 25°C tropical port city, declared Cultural Heritage in 1996, with a large Afro-Ecuadorian population.
Facatativá
Facatativá is a municipality in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, at the western end of the savanna of Bogotá, known for the Piedras del Tunjo archaeological park.
Floridablanca
Floridablanca is a municipality in Santander Department, Colombia, south of Bucaramanga in its metropolitan area. Founded as a parish in 1817, about 267,000 residents, 928 m elevation, known for obleas and rapid urban growth.
Formosa, Formosa
Formosa, Formosa: capital city of Formosa Province, Argentina, on the Paraguay River. Founded 8 April 1879 by Luis Jorge Fontana; 234,354 inhabitants (2010); polderized river city with flood defenses.
Founding of Montevideo
The founding of Montevideo was the Spanish colonial process by which Bruno Mauricio de Zabala established the city between 1724 and 1730, after expelling a Portuguese force from Montevideo Bay.
Founding of Rio de Janeiro
The founding of Rio de Janeiro was the establishment of the city by the Portuguese captain Estácio de Sá on 1 March 1565, after expelling a French colony.
Funza
Funza is a municipality in Cundinamarca, Colombia, on the Bogotá savanna about 15 km from Bogotá and the site of Bacatá, the Muisca zipa's capital at the Spanish conquest in 1537.
Goiás Velho
Goiás Velho, officially the Cidade de Goiás, is a historic Brazilian municipality founded in the 1720s as the gold-mining settlement of Vila Boa, the first capital of Goiás.
Guacara
Guacara is a city of about 199,000 people in Carabobo state, Venezuela, seat of Guacara Municipality on the Lake Valencia basin. Founded as San Agustín de Guacara in 1694, it is an industrial city known for petroglyphs and a tropical monsoon climate.
Guaduas
Guaduas is a colonial town in Cundinamarca, Colombia, on the old Camino Real northwest of Bogotá, best known as the birthplace of heroine Policarpa Salavarrieta.
Guarenas
Guarenas, Venezuela: city in Miranda state, seat of Plaza Municipality, founded 1621 as Nuestra Señora de la Copacabana y de los Guarenas; dormitory city of Caracas forming the Guarenas-Guatire axis with Guatire.
Guatavita
Guatavita is a municipality in Cundinamarca, Colombia, about 45 km north of Bogotá, and the name of the sacred Muisca lake whose investiture ceremony inspired the legend of El Dorado.
Guatire
Guatire: city in Miranda state, Venezuela, seat of Zamora Municipality, about 26 km northeast of Caracas; colonial parish founded 1680, listed as founded 1701; 187,262 residents (2011 census), 328 m elevation, twin city of Guarenas.
Guayaquil
Guayaquil (Santiago de Guayaquil), Ecuador's largest city and main port, capital of Guayas province on the Guayas River; founded 1535/1547, independent 1820, economic hub with about 24% of national GDP and severe flood and security challenges.
Gurupá
Gurupá is a municipality in Pará, Brazil, on the right bank of the lower Amazon near the Xingu's confluence, an anthropology research site since Charles Wagley's 1950s study Amazon Town.
Honda, Tolima
Honda, Tolima, is a Colombian municipality on the left bank of the Magdalena River, founded in 1539 and known as the obligatory colonial river port linking Cartagena and Bogotá.
Huamachuco
Huamachuco is a town and highland region in the northern sierra of Peru's La Libertad department, center of a pre-Inca culture whose stone sanctuary, Marcahuamachuco, is the northern highlands' largest archaeological site.
Ibagué
Ibagué, capital of Colombia's Tolima department, is the "Musical Capital of Colombia," founded 14 October 1550 by Andrés López de Galarza at about 1,285 m altitude, hosting the Colombian Folkloric Festival since 1959 and the Conservatorio del Tolima.
Ibarra, Imbabura
Ibarra, formally San Miguel de Ibarra, is a city in northern Ecuador and the capital of Imbabura province, founded in 1606 and known as the "white city".
Ica, Peru
Ica, Peru: capital of the Ica region on the southern coast, founded as Villa de Valverde in 1563. Known for pisco, grapes, Huacachina oasis, agroexports, and severe groundwater over-extraction.
Iquique
Iquique, port city and capital of Chile's Tarapacá Region; former nitrate shipping hub, site of the 1879 naval battle, home of the ZOFRI duty-free zone, pop. 191,468 (2017).
Iquitos
Iquitos is the largest city of the Peruvian Amazon and capital of Loreto, on the Amazon near the Río Nanay mouth, reachable only by river or air; a Rubber Boom port city with about 371,000 people and heavy flood exposure.
Itaboraí
Itaboraí is a municipality in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, in the metropolitan region on Guanabara Bay; 224,267 residents (2022 census), eight districts, historic colonial vilas, the São José paleontological basin, and the former COMPERJ site, now the Boaventura energy complex.
Itagüí
Itagüí, Antioquia, Colombia: municipality in the southern Valle de Aburrá and member of the Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area. Founded 1832 from Envigado; 19.6 km², ~300,000 people; known as Colombia's industrial city with 16,000+ companies.
Jaboatão dos Guararapes
Jaboatão dos Guararapes, a coastal Pernambuco municipality in the Recife Metropolitan Region, Brazil; founded 1593 as Jaboatão, renamed 1989; site of the 1648 and 1649 Battles of Guararapes; second most populous city of Pernambuco.
Jauja
Jauja, or Xauxa, is a city in the Mantaro Valley of the Peruvian central highlands, founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1534 as the first Spanish capital of Peru.
José C. Paz
José C. Paz: partido and city in northwest Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina, created in 1994 from General Sarmiento, named after the La Prensa founder José Clemente Paz; 326,992 inhabitants (2022), home of UNPAZ.
Juli, Peru
Juli is a town in the Chucuito Province of southern Peru, on Lake Titicaca south of Puno, once called the "Rome of America" for its colonial churches.
Juliaca
Juliaca, capital of San Román province in Puno, Peru, is a high-altitude (3,824 m) altiplano commercial and transport hub, formerly Xullasca, province created 1926, population about 351,000 in 2025.
La Paz
La Paz, formally Nuestra Señora de La Paz, is the administrative capital of Bolivia, founded by the Spanish in 1548 and the highest capital in the world.