70 articles
Oder
Oder (Odra, Latin Viadus/Viadua): Central European river, 840-854 km, rising in the Czech Republic, flowing through Poland, forming the German-Polish border since 1945, and reaching the Baltic via the Szczecin Lagoon; site of the 1997 flood and the 2022 Prymnesium parvum fish-kill disaster.
Oka (اوكا)
Oka (Ока), river in European Russia, largest right tributary of the Volga; 1,500 km, 245,000 km² basin, rises in Oryol Oblast, joins the Volga at Nizhny Novgorod; heavily polluted in middle reaches.
Pechora
Pechora (Печора, Komi Печӧра) is a 1,809 km river in northern European Russia rising in the Northern Urals and flowing into the Barents Sea; it has the highest mean discharge of European Arctic rivers and a 322,000 km² coal, oil, and gas basin.
Pinega
The Pinega (Пинега) is a 779 km river in Arkhangelsk Oblast, northern Russia, and a right tributary of the Northern Dvina with a 42,600 km² basin.
Po (river)
Po (landform): Italy's longest river, 652-661 km, rising at Monte Viso and flowing to the Adriatic near Venice; nine-branch delta, about 1,500 m3/s mean discharge, heavily managed and drought-prone.
Rhine
The Rhine (Rhein, Rhin, Rijn) is a major western European river from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea. Distinguished by the 1815 CCNR free-navigation regime, Tulla's rectification, Rhine 2040 water quality targets, and 2026 record-low drought flows.
Rhône
The Rhône (Rhone) is an 812 km Alpine river from the Swiss Valais through Lake Geneva to the Mediterranean, France's most powerful river at 1,700 m3/s, heavily dammed for hydropower, navigation, and irrigation, and now under major restoration.
River Clyde
The River Clyde, also known as the Clyde or Abhainn Chluaidh, is a river in western Scotland that flows through Glasgow to the Firth of Clyde.
River Irwell
River Irwell: Pennine-source river in Lancashire and Greater Manchester, flowing through Manchester and Salford into the Manchester Ship Canal. Once among Europe's most polluted rivers; now recovering, with flood schemes and the 8 km Irwell River Park.
River Mersey
River Mersey, North West England river flowing through Manchester into the Mersey Estuary at Liverpool; famed as one of Europe's most polluted rivers, later restored via the 1985 Mersey Basin Campaign, with salmon returning and 2025 flood repairs.
River Ribble
The River Ribble is a 110 km river in northern England that rises in the Western Pennines and flows into the Irish Sea west of Preston.
River Severn
River Severn (Afon Hafren), longest river in Great Britain at 354 km, rising at Plynlimon in Wales and flowing to the Severn Estuary; supplies 6 million people, navigable Stourport to Avonmouth, regulated by Clywedog reservoir.
River Shannon
River Shannon (Abhainn na Sionainne), longest river in the British Isles at about 340 km, draining some 15,000 km2 of Ireland through Loughs Allen, Ree and Derg to the Shannon Estuary; home of Ardnacrusha hydro station, a major navigation, and the Parteen Basin abstraction project to Dublin.
River Spey
The River Spey is a major Scottish river rising at Loch Spey in the Monadhliath Mountains, flowing 170 km northeast to the Moray Firth at Spey Bay; seventh-largest in Britain, famed for salmon fishing and Speyside whisky.
River Taff
River Taff (Taf), South Wales river about 64 km long, formed by the Taf Fechan and Taf Fawr at Merthyr Tydfil, flowing through Pontypridd to Cardiff Bay; historic coal-and-iron artery, now managed for flood risk, water quality, and hydropower.
River Thames
The River Thames is a 210-mile English river rising in the Cotswolds and flowing through Oxford and London to the North Sea. Tidal through London with over 7 m spring range, defended by the Thames Barrier, and served by the debt-laden Thames Water utility.
River Trent
The River Trent is England's third longest river, rising near Stoke-on-Trent and running about 271 km to the Humber Estuary. Navigable from Shardlow, tidal below Cromwell Lock with the aegir bore, it drains 10,450 km2 of the industrial Midlands and supplies about half the Humber's freshwater.
River Wharfe
River Wharfe: Yorkshire river rising in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, flowing through Wharfedale to the Ouse. Historic Tadcaster navigation; UK's first river bathing water at Ilkley (2020).
Rubicon
The Rubicon (Rubicone, Latin Rubico) is a small Romagna river, about 40 km long, that marked the Italy-Cisalpine Gaul border; Julius Caesar crossed it with the 13th Legion on 10 January 49 BC, starting the civil war. Its ancient course is disputed between the Fiumicino, Pisciatello, and Uso, with official identification in 1933.
Sava
Sava: 945 km river in South Eastern Europe, largest Danube tributary by discharge (~1,700 m³/s at Belgrade), basin of 97,713 km² shared by Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro; governed by the 2004 FASRB and ISRBC.
Seine
The Seine is the river of northern France rising on the Langres plateau and flowing through Paris to the English Channel; its 75,000 km² basin, tributaries Yonne, Marne, and Oise, water-quality history, and the 2024–2025 swimmability cleanup distinguish it.
Somme (river)
The Somme is a 245 km river in northern France, rising at Fonsomme (Aisne) and flowing west to the Baie de Somme estuary; chalk-aquifer-fed, canalized as the 156 km Canal de la Somme, site of the 2001 groundwater flood.
Southern Bug
Southern Bug (Південний Буг), 806 km river entirely within Ukraine, flowing from the Volyn-Podilska Highlands to the Dnipro-Buzky Firth; third-longest such river, historically Hypanis, heavily regulated, and since 2022 Mykolaiv's proposed drinking-water source.
Sura (landform)
Sura (Сура) is a right tributary of the Volga in Russia, 841 km long with a 67,500 km² basin, rising on the Volga Upland and entering the Cheboksary Reservoir at Vasilsursk; distinct from India's Suru River.
Tagus
Tagus (Tajo, Tejo): longest river of the Iberian Peninsula, rising in Spain's Sierra de Albarracín and flowing about 1,000–1,100 km to the Atlantic at Lisbon; heavily dammed, with the Tagus-Segura transfer and Spain-Portugal water disputes.
Tiber
The Tiber (Tevere, Tiberis) is central Italy's main river, about 405 km long, rising on Mount Fumaiolo and flowing through Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea; known for its floods, 1870 embankments, Tiber Island, and ancient river port.
Turia (river)
Turia (Túria), river of eastern Spain rising in Valencia and Cuenca provinces and flowing to the Mediterranean at Valencia; diverted south of the city by the Plan Sur after the deadly 1957 flood, leaving the old bed as the Turia Gardens park.
Upper Danube
Upper Danube: upper course of the Danube River from the Black Forest through Austria to the Drava confluence; also WWF freshwater ecoregion 417, 248,000 km², temperate upland rivers with endemic lake whitefish and heavily altered hydrology.
Ural
Ural (Урал; Kazakh Zhayyq; formerly Yaik until 1775), third longest river in Europe at 2,428 km, rising in the southern Ural Mountains and flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan to the Caspian Sea; only free-flowing Caspian tributary, with the basin's last natural sturgeon spawning grounds.
Uša (river, Lithuania)
Uša (Ušà) is a 105-km Belarusian river, a left tributary of the Nemunas rising southwest of Nesvizh, with a 1,220 km² basin, 7.3 m³/s mean discharge, frozen December to March; distinct from the same-named Neris tributary.