Edgepedia

Appropriation (art)

Appropriation in art is the intentional borrowing and copying of existing images and objects, recontextualized so they take on new meaning, a practice central to Pop art and postmodernism.

Approval voting: an electoral system where voters mark every candidate they approve and the highest total wins; formalized by Brams and Fishburn, used in Fargo and St. Louis elections and by the United Nations and scientific societies.

Approved List of Models and Manufacturers

The Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) is a list maintained by India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy specifying which solar modules and cells may be used in government-backed projects.

Approximate Bayesian computation

Approximate Bayesian computation, also known as likelihood-free inference, is a family of simulation-based statistical methods that estimates posterior distributions by comparing simulated data with observed data, without evaluating a likelihood function.

Approximate dynamic programming

Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) is a family of computational methods that approximate value functions in large-scale decision problems where exact dynamic programming is intractable, known in other fields as neuro-dynamic programming and reinforcement learning.

Approximate inference

Approximate inference is the class of computational methods that estimate a Bayesian posterior distribution when exact computation is intractable, chiefly Markov chain Monte Carlo and variational inference.

Approximate message passing

Approximate message passing (AMP) is a class of iterative algorithms for high-dimensional statistical estimation, introduced for compressed sensing in 2009, whose error is exactly predicted by state evolution.

Approximate nearest neighbor search

Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search is a family of algorithms that quickly finds points near a query in high-dimensional spaces, trading a small loss of exactness for speed.

Approximate reasoning

Approximate reasoning is a framework in artificial intelligence and logic that draws conclusions from imprecise or vague information, formalized by Lotfi Zadeh through fuzzy sets.

Approximate string matching

Approximate string matching, also known as fuzzy string searching, finds all text locations matching a pattern within k edits, and underlies spellcheckers and DNA read mapping.

Approximation

Approximation in numerical mathematics replaces an exact mathematical object, such as a function or number, by a simpler computable one, together with a measure of its error.

Approximation algorithm

An approximation algorithm is a polynomial-time algorithm for an NP-hard optimization problem that guarantees its solution stays within a provable factor of the optimum on every input.

Approximation error

Approximation error is the difference between an exact mathematical quantity and its approximation, arising in numerical computation and split into truncation error and roundoff error.

Approximation methods in general relativity

Approximation methods in general relativity are analytical and numerical techniques for solving Einstein's field equations when exact solutions are impossible, chiefly for compact binaries of black holes or neutron stars.

Approximation property

The approximation property (AP) is a property of Banach spaces stating that the identity operator can be approximated uniformly on compact sets by finite-rank operators.

Approximations of π

Approximations of π, also called numerical approximations of pi, are values used in place of π, from Archimedes' 22/7 around 250 BC to a 2025 record of 314 trillion digits.

APPS (benchmark)

APPS (Automated Programming Progress Standard) is a benchmark for code generation, introduced at NeurIPS 2021, with 10,000 Python problems judged by running generated code against test cases.

Apptronik

Apptronik is an Austin, Texas robotics startup, spun out of UT Austin in 2016, that develops the Apollo humanoid robot for material handling in factories and warehouses.

Appu (ಅಪ್ಪು) (2002 film)

Appu (ಅಪ್ಪು) is a 2002 Kannada romantic action film directed by Puri Jagannadh, marking Puneeth Rajkumar's lead-acting debut and Rakshita's debut; a 200-day blockbuster remade as Idiot and Dum.

Oct 3, 2026

Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (అప్పుచేసి పప్పుకూడు)

Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (అప్పుచేసి పప్పుకూడు) is a 1959 Telugu comedy drama directed by L. V. Prasad, produced by Vijaya Productions, the Telugu version of Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam, starring N. T. Rama Rao, Savitri, and Relangi, released 14 January 1959.