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Red River Rebellion
Red River Rebellion, also called Red River Resistance (1869-1870): Métis uprising led by Louis Riel against Canada's purchase of Rupert's Land, forming a provisional government and producing the Manitoba Act, 1870 and the Province of Manitoba.
Red River War
The Red River War was a U.S. Army campaign of 1874–1875 in the Texas Panhandle against the Kiowa, Comanche, Southern Cheyenne, and southern Arapaho, ending their free-roaming life.
Red Sea crisis
Red Sea crisis: Houthi attacks on shipping from November 2023, also called the Bab el-Mandeb shipping crisis, disrupting the Suez route, driving Cape of Good Hope rerouting, and prompting Operations Prosperity Guardian and Aspides.
Red Star Campaign
The Red Star Campaign was a failed 1982 Ethiopian offensive against Eritrean rebels, the largest of the war, aimed at capturing their stronghold of Nakfa.
Red Sticks
The Red Sticks were the faction of Creek dissidents who rose against their national council in 1813, starting the Creek War ended by Andrew Jackson in 1814.
Red Terror (Spain)
Red Terror (Terror Rojo): Republican-zone killings in the Spanish Civil War after July 1936, about 50,000 extrajudicial executions including at least 8,000 in Madrid and the Paracuellos massacres, distinct from the larger Nationalist White Terror.
Red Terror (Красный террор)
Red Terror (Красный террор): Bolshevik campaign of mass political violence during the Russian Civil War, formalized by the September 5, 1918 decree, executed by the Cheka under Dzerzhinsky against class enemies, with an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 killed.
Reform War
Reform War (Guerra de Reforma, Three Years' War), Mexican civil war 1857-1861 between Benito Juárez's liberals and Félix Zuloaga's conservatives, triggered by the Plan de Tacubaya, ending at Calpulalpan and leading to the French Intervention.
Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Refugees of the Syrian civil war: Syrians who fled abroad after the 2011 uprising, peaking at 6.8 million, mainly in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, with over 1.2 million returning after Assad's December 2024 fall.
Regime change efforts in the 2026 Iran war
Regime change efforts in the 2026 Iran war are US and Israeli measures since 28 February 2026 to topple Iran's government, which has instead consolidated power.
Reichskommissariat
Reichskommissariat (Reich Commissariat): Nazi Germany's civilian occupation administration for conquered, non-annexed territory, headed by a Reichskommissar under the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories; principal units were Ostland and Ukraine.
Reichskommissariat Ostland
Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was the Nazi German civil occupation administration, 1941–44, covering Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus under Reichskommissar Hinrich Lohse in Riga, subordinate to Rosenberg's ministry, and a site of SS mass murder.
Reichskommissariat Ukraine
Reichskommissariat Ukraine (RKU): Nazi German civilian occupation regime for most of Ukraine, 1 September 1941 to April/November 1944, ruled by Erich Koch from Rivne, 339,275 sq km, about 17 million people, under Rosenberg's Eastern Ministry, marked by exploitation, terror, and the Holocaust.
Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world, 1933–1945: limited German geopolitical interest, Arabic-language propaganda and the Voice of Free Arabism, al-Husayni's collaboration, and diverse Arab responses.
Relief of Douglas MacArthur
Removal of General Douglas MacArthur from his four Far East commands by President Truman on April 11, 1951, after clashes over limited-war strategy in Korea; Matthew B. Ridgway succeeded him.
Religious violence in India
Religious (communal) violence in India: collective violence between religious communities, mainly Hindu-Muslim, from the 1946 Calcutta riots and 1947 Partition through Babri Masjid 1992, Gujarat 2002, and recent vigilante, anti-conversion-law, and Manipur-related violence affecting minorities.
Remembrance Day
Remembrance Day, formerly Armistice Day, is observed on 11 November in Commonwealth countries such as Canada, Australia, and the UK to honor war dead, marking the 1918 armistice with silence and poppies.
Remembrance poppy
Remembrance poppy: artificial red poppy worn to honor war dead, inspired by McCrae's 1915 poem In Flanders Fields; promoted by Moina Michael and Anna Guerin, adopted by the American Legion in 1920 and the British Legion in 1921.
Remembrance Sunday
Remembrance Sunday, also known as Armistice Sunday, is the United Kingdom's annual day of remembrance for the British and Commonwealth armed forces, held on the second Sunday of November.
RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019)
The RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019) was a low-level armed conflict in central Mozambique in which RENAMO resumed fighting the FRELIMO government, ending with the 2019 Maputo Accord.
Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II
Repatriation of Cossacks after WWII: forced transfer of Cossack collaborators and families from Allied zones to the USSR, 1945–1947; centered on the Lienz handovers in Austria under the Yalta agreement and Operation Keelhaul.
Republic of Ezo (蝦夷共和国)
The Republic of Ezo (蝦夷共和国) was a short-lived state proclaimed on Hokkaido in winter 1868–69 by Tokugawa loyalists under elected president Enomoto Takeaki, with French advisers; unrecognized, it fell to Meiji forces in the Hakodate War by June 1869.
Republic of Užice
The Republic of Užice (Ужичка република) was a Partisan and Chetnik-liberated territory in western Serbia held for 67 days in 1941, falling to a German offensive on 29 November.
Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)
The Republican faction (bando republicano) of the Spanish Civil War was the Popular Front coalition of republicans, socialists, communists, and anarcho-syndicalists defending the Second Republic against Franco's Nationalists, 1936–1939, defeated April 1, 1939.
Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
Republican insurgency in Afghanistan: armed campaign by pro-republic groups, mainly the National Resistance Front (NRF) led by Ahmad Massoud and the Afghanistan Freedom Front, against Taliban rule since the 15 August 2021 takeover; guerrilla attacks, no territorial control.
Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center
The rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was the emergency response and debris removal at Ground Zero from 2001 to 2002.
Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews
The rescue of the Bulgarian Jews was the failed 1943 attempt to deport Bulgaria's 48,000 Jews, though 11,343 Jews from occupied territories were sent to Treblinka.
Resistance during World War II
Resistance during World War II: clandestine armed and civilian opposition by populations of Axis-occupied countries, including the French Resistance, Polish Home Army, Yugoslav and Soviet partisans, and Philippine guerrillas.
Resistance movement
Resistance movement: organized opposition to occupation or regime, notably WWII movements against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan (Widerstand, partisans, SOE-backed networks), spanning sabotage, intelligence, and armed struggle.
Responsibility for the Holocaust
Responsibility for the Holocaust covers the Nazi leadership, SS under Himmler, Wehrmacht, German state and industry, and ordinary perpetrators like Police Battalion 101, plus postwar accountability from the Nuremberg IMT and Eichmann trial to German reparations.