5,963 articles
Robert Smalls
Robert Smalls (1839-1915), Beaufort, South Carolina, enslaved sailor who commandeered the Confederate steamer Planter on May 13, 1862, delivered it and 16 people to the Union blockade, then served five terms in the U.S. House and as Beaufort customs collector.
Rodion Malinovsky
Rodion Malinovsky (Родион Яковлевич Малиновский, 1898–1967) was a Soviet military commander who became Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1944 and Minister of Defense from 1957 until his death.
Rogue River Wars
The Rogue River Wars were armed conflicts between settler militias backed by federal troops and Indigenous peoples of southwestern Oregon and Northern California, from 1851 to 1856.
Rohingya conflict
Rohingya conflict: armed and communal conflict in Myanmar's Rakhine State involving the Rohingya minority, the Myanmar military, the Arakan Army, and groups ARSA and RSO; marked by the 2017 exodus of over 700,000 refugees to Bangladesh and ongoing abuses.
Rojava Revolution
The Rojava Revolution (19 July 2012 uprising in Kobane), also called the July 19 Revolution, created AANES in northeastern Syria on democratic-confederalist principles from Öcalan's ideology, with women's quotas and co-chairs, before dissolving into the Syrian state by 2026.
Romania in World War I
Romania in World War I covers the Kingdom of Romania's participation from 1916 to 1918, fighting for the Entente against Austria-Hungary, then rejoining the Allies in November 1918.
Romania in World War II
Romania in World War II: Kingdom of Romania as third-largest European Axis power 1941–44, Ploiești oil supplier, perpetrator in Transnistria, then King Michael's August 1944 switch to the Allies and Soviet-dominated postwar fate.
Romania's entry into World War I
Romania's entry into World War I came on 27 August 1916, when the Kingdom of Romania abandoned neutrality and declared war on Austria-Hungary as an Entente ally.
Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
The Romanian anti-communist resistance movement was an armed, largely rural partisan struggle against Romania's communist regime, fought from 1944 to 1962 by groups holding out in the mountains.
Romanian campaign (World War I)
The Romanian campaign of World War I, fought from August 1916 to January 1918, saw Romania join the Entente, be defeated, and sign a separate peace.
Romanian occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
The Romanian occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the Kingdom of Romania's military control of these regions, from 1918 and again from 1941 until the Soviet reconquest in 1944.
Romanian War of Independence
Romanian War of Independence (Războiul de Independență, 1877–1878): Romania's war alongside Russia against the Ottoman Empire, proclaimed 9 May 1877 and won at Plevna, Grivița, and Rahova, with independence recognized at the 1878 Congress of Berlin.
Ron Kovic
Ron Kovic, American Marine veteran paralyzed in Vietnam in 1968, antiwar activist with Vietnam Veterans Against the War, author of the 1976 memoir Born on the Fourth of July, later an Oscar-winning Oliver Stone film.
Rosewood massacre
Rosewood massacre: January 1-7, 1923 racist attack that destroyed the predominantly Black town of Rosewood, Levy County, Florida, after Fannie Taylor's assault allegation; no prosecutions, later 1994 Florida reparations of $2.1 million.
Round Valley removals
The Round Valley removals forced Native peoples, including the Konkow, Nomlaki, and Pomo, onto the Round Valley Indian Reservation in Mendocino County, California, from the 1850s to the 1870s.
Roundhead
Roundhead, the nickname for the English Parliamentarians, was first recorded as an insult in late 1641, deriding the close-cropped hair of Puritans against the long ringlets of Royalist Cavaliers.
Rouran Khaganate
Rouran Khaganate (柔然汗國), 402–555, a nomadic empire on the Mongolian plateau under khagans such as Shelun and Anagui; rivals of Northern Wei, destroyed by its vassal smith-tribe, the Göktürks.
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 and S.E.5a: British WWI single-seat biplane fighter designed by Folland, Kenworthy, and Goodden; first flight 22 November 1916; 5,205 built; 138 mph; 2,704 credited victories.
Royal Indian Navy mutiny
The Royal Indian Navy mutiny (1946 Naval Uprising) was a February 1946 revolt of Indian naval ratings begun at HMIS Talwar, Bombay, spreading to thousands of sailors and dozens of ships; Congress and the League withheld support while Communists backed it, and it ended in late February 1946.
Ruby Ridge
Ruby Ridge: 11-day August 1992 armed standoff at the Weaver family cabin in Boundary County, Idaho, triggered by a firearms bench warrant; killed Deputy Marshal William Degan, Samuel Weaver, and Vicki Weaver; reshaped FBI crisis policy.
Rudolf Höss
Rudolf Höss (Rudolf Höß), SS-Obersturmbannführer and first commandant of Auschwitz (May 1940–November 1943), organized the murder of over one million Jews; captured 1946, testified at Nuremberg, executed in Poland 1947.
Rumbula massacre
The Rumbula massacre was the killing of more than 25,000 Jews from the Riga ghetto by German SS, police, and Latvian auxiliary units in the Rumbula Forest near Riga in 1941.
Rumi Maqui Uprising
The Rumi Maqui uprising was an indigenous peasant rebellion in Puno, Peru, led in December 1915 by Teodomiro Gutiérrez Cuevas, known as Rumi Maqui, against hacienda expansion.
Rupert Brooke
Rupert Chawner Brooke (1887–1915), English Georgian poet famous for the five "1914" war sonnets including "The Soldier"; Royal Naval Division officer who died of septicemia off Skyros in April 1915 and was buried there.
Russia 200
Russia 200, or Cargo 200 (Груз 200), is the Soviet and Russian military codename for transporting dead soldiers' bodies home. Originating in the Afghan war's Black Tulip flights, it continued through Chechnya and the Ukraine war.
Russia in the 2026 Iran war
Russia in the 2026 Iran war: Moscow's non-belligerent support for Iran after US-Israeli strikes began 28 February 2026, including satellite targeting data, drone technology, arms commitments, energy windfalls, and mediation offers, while avoiding direct intervention.
Russia in World War I
Russia in World War I was the Russian Empire's participation in the Allied powers from 1914 to 1918. It fielded the largest army and faced a home-front crisis.
Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
Russia's September–October 2022 declared annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia after staged 23–27 September referendums; unrecognized internationally, vetoed at the Security Council, condemned by UN General Assembly resolution ES-11/4 (143–5).
Russian annexation of the Khanate of Kokand
The Russian annexation of the Khanate of Kokand was Tsar Alexander II's 1876 abolition of the khanate in the Ferghana valley, reorganized as Fergana Province in Russian Turkistan.
Russian Civil War (Гражданская война в России)
Russian Civil War (Гражданская война в России), 1917–1922: armed struggle for the former Russian Empire between the Bolshevik Red Army and White, Ukrainian, anarchist, and warlord forces, ending in Bolshevik victory and Soviet consolidation.