5,963 articles
Cincinnati riots of 2001
The Cincinnati riots of 2001 were days of unrest triggered by the police shooting of Timothy Thomas, an unarmed 19-year-old Black man, the worst since the 1960s.
Circassia
Circassia, historic homeland of the Adyghe (Circassian) people on the northeastern Black Sea coast, about 100,000 km² with roughly 1.7 million people by the 17th century; conquered by Russia by 1864, when mass killing and expulsion created a largely Turkish and Middle Eastern diaspora.
Cisplatine War
Cisplatine War (Guerra da Cisplatina, Guerra del Brasil), 1825-1828 conflict between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over the Cisplatine Province (Banda Oriental); ended by the 1828 British-mediated Preliminary Peace Convention creating independent Uruguay.
Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)
Civil conflicts in Vietnam 1945–1949: Vietnamese-on-Vietnamese wars among the Viet Minh/DRV, non-communist nationalists, and sect militias, alongside the Franco–Viet Minh war, ending with the 1949 Bảo Đại solution and Associated State.
Cliven Bundy
Cliven Bundy, Nevada rancher of Bunkerville whose 2014 armed standoff with the Bureau of Land Management over more than $1 million in unpaid grazing fees ended the cattle roundup; indicted 2016, case dismissed 2020.
Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks
Closings and cancellations after the September 11, 2001 attacks: the first-ever FAA nationwide ground stop, a four-day airport closure, NYSE/Nasdaq shut until September 17, and Treasury settlement fails of $190 billion daily.
Coalition casualties in Afghanistan
Coalition casualties in Afghanistan: military and civilian losses of the US-led coalition and NATO's ISAF, 2001-2021. About 1,910 US killed in action, 457 UK deaths, heavy Helmand-era losses, and 5,135 reconstruction-related casualties.
Coalition of the Gulf War
Coalition of the Gulf War: the U.S.-led alliance of roughly 33-35 nations (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm) formed in 1990-1991 to reverse Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, with about 540,000 U.S. troops of nearly 800,000 total and about $54 billion pledged by allies.
Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian war)
Coalition of the willing: a UK- and France-led group of over 30 countries formed in March 2025 to defend a future Ukraine-Russia peace deal, planning the Multinational Force Ukraine reassurance force and binding security guarantees after a ceasefire.
Cochinchina campaign
The Cochinchina campaign (Vietnamese: Chien dich Nam Ky) was a joint Franco-Spanish invasion of Nguyen dynasty Vietnam from 1858 to 1862 that opened the French conquest and led to the colony of Cochinchina.
Cocom–Xiu wars
The Cocom–Xiu wars were conflicts between two Maya lineages of the northern Yucatán, ending in a Xiu revolt that destroyed Mayapán in the mid-15th century.
Coeur d'Alene War
The Coeur d'Alene War of 1858 was the second phase of the Yakima War, fought between allied Columbia Plateau tribes and United States Army forces in Washington Territory.
Coixtlahuaca Basin wars of the Mixtec and Chocho
The Coixtlahuaca Basin wars of the Mixtec and Chocho were pre-Hispanic conflicts in Oaxaca, Mexico, ending when Moctezuma I's Aztec forces conquered the valley between 1458 and 1462.
Cole Younger
Cole Younger (Thomas Coleman Younger, 1844–1916), Missouri outlaw, Quantrill guerrilla, and James-Younger gang member; captured at the 1876 Northfield bank raid, imprisoned at Stillwater, pardoned 1903.
Colectiv nightclub fire
Colectiv nightclub fire: 30 October 2015 blaze at Club Colectiv, Bucharest, during a Goodbye to Gravity concert; pyrotechnic sparks ignited acoustic foam, killing 64 (65 by some counts) and toppling the Ponta government.
Colfax massacre
The Colfax massacre, also called the Colfax Riot, was the April 13, 1873 killing of dozens to 150-plus Black men by over 300 armed whites led by C. C. Nash at the Colfax, Louisiana courthouse, followed by the Supreme Court's United States v. Cruikshank ruling.
Collapse of the World Trade Center
Collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC 1, WTC 2, WTC 7): structural failures on September 11, 2001 after airliner impacts and fires; NIST found fire plus dislodged fireproofing, not impact alone, caused collapse, and issued 30 recommendations.
Colombia–Peru War
The Colombia–Peru War (1932–1934), also called the Leticia conflict, was a border war over the Leticia Trapecio that began with the occupation of Leticia and ended with the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro.
Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)
The Colombian Civil War of 1860 to 1862, also called the War of the Sovereignties, ended in victory for the radical Liberals and General Mosquera, creating the United States of Colombia.
Colombian Civil War of 1851
The Colombian Civil War of 1851 was an uprising by Conservative landowners and slaveholders against the Liberal government of José Hilario López, fought from May to September 1851.
Colombian Civil War of 1876–1877
The Colombian Civil War of 1876–1877, known as the War of the Schools (Guerra de las Escuelas), was a conservative uprising defeated by the liberal government in 1877.
Colombian Civil War of 1885
The Colombian Civil War of 1885, also called the war of 1884–1885, was an uprising of the radical Liberal Party against President Rafael Núñez, crushed at La Humareda in June 1885.
Colombian conflict
Colombian conflict: the internal armed conflict between the Colombian state and guerrilla, paramilitary, and criminal groups since the 1960s, also called the Colombian armed conflict. FARC formed 1964; 2016 peace agreement demobilized about 13,000 fighters; violence persists among ELN, FARC dissidents, and the Clan del Golfo.
Colorado War
The Colorado War (1863–1865) was a conflict on the central Great Plains between the US Army and Colorado militia and the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Lakota, and Kiowa.
Columbus nightclub shooting
Columbus nightclub shooting: the December 8, 2004 Alrosa Villa mass shooting in Columbus, Ohio, where Nathan Gale killed four people including guitarist Dimebag Darrell during a Damageplan concert before officer James Niggemeyer shot him.
Combat Outpost Keating
Combat Outpost Keating (COP Keating), a U.S. Army outpost in Kamdesh, Nuristan, Afghanistan, established 2006; site of the Battle of Kamdesh on October 3, 2009, when about 300 insurgents attacked, killing 8 Americans, before the defenders repelled them.
Comfort women
Comfort women (ianfu, 慰安婦): women and girls, mostly Korean and Chinese, held in Imperial Japanese Army military brothels 1932–1945; contested coercion, 1993 Kono apology, 2015 Japan–Korea settlement.
Commanders of World War II
Commanders of World War II: Allied and Axis military leaders from Marshall, Eisenhower, King, and Arnold to Hitler, Paulus, and Tojo; covers joint and coalition command structures, theater commands, and historiographic reassessments.
Commando Order
Commando Order (Kommandobefehl), Hitler's top-secret OKW directive of 18 October 1942 ordering Allied commandos in Europe and Africa shot even in uniform or surrendering, others handed to the SD; a war crime at Nuremberg.
Communication during the September 11 attacks
Communication during the September 11 attacks covers 911, radio, and phone systems on 9/11: overwhelmed 911 dispatch, unreadable FDNY radio traffic, no unified command, and the later FirstNet reforms.