1,303 articles
Italian Regency of Carnaro
Italian Regency of Carnaro (Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro): unrecognized state proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio in Fiume (Rijeka) on 12 August 1920, ruled under the never-applied Charter of Carnaro, ended by the Treaty of Rapallo and the Italian army in December 1920.
Itio in partes
Itio in partes (Latin, "going into parts") was a Holy Roman Empire Imperial Diet procedure, formalized 1648, dividing the Reichstag into corpus evangelicorum and corpus catholicorum so religious matters were settled by agreement between confessional blocs, not majority vote; invoked exclusively by Protestants and used only five times, first in 1727.
ITU Radio Regulations
ITU Radio Regulations (RR): the international treaty governing global radio-frequency spectrum and satellite-orbit use, first signed Berlin 1906, current 2024 edition in force 1 January 2025, revised by World Radiocommunication Conferences every three to four years.
Jam v. International Finance Corp.
Jam v. International Finance Corp., 586 U.S. _ (2019), a Supreme Court case on IOIA immunity, held international organizations like the IFC receive only the restrictive FSIA immunity foreign governments enjoy today, not absolute 1945 immunity.
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA, Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois), signed November 11, 1975, is Canada's first modern treaty, settling Cree and Inuit claims over 1,165,286 km² of northern Quebec for compensation, land categories, and environmental and harvesting guarantees.
James Brown Scott
James Brown Scott (1866–1943) was a Canadian-born American jurist and legal educator who advised seven presidents, founded the American Society of International Law, and helped establish the Hague Academy and the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
First Japan–Korea Agreement (제1차 한일협약, 第一次日韓協約), signed in Seoul August 22, 1904: Korea accepted Japanese financial and diplomatic advisers and prior consultation with Japan on treaties, advancing Japan's control over Korea.
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1882, or Jeomulpo Treaty (濟物浦條約), was signed August 30, 1882 after the Imo Rebellion, imposing indemnities of 550,000 yen, an apology mission, and a Japanese legation guard in Seoul.
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885 (Hanseong Treaty, 漢城條約, 한성조약): convention signed in Seoul settling the Gapsin Coup; Joseon apologized, paid 110,000 yen, punished Isobayashi's killer, and hosted a Japanese legation guard, giving Japan parity with Qing in Korea.
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 (Eulsa Treaty, 을사늑약; second Japan–Korea Agreement), signed at Seoul November 17, 1905 under coercion, deprived Korea of diplomatic sovereignty, made it a Japanese protectorate, and created the Residency-General under Itō Hirobumi.
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 (한일병합조약)
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 (한일병합조약), or Annexation Treaty, signed 22 August 1910 by Terauchi and promulgated 29 August, annexed the Korean Empire to Japan; its coercion-based validity remains disputed between Korean and Japanese scholars.
Jay Treaty
Jay Treaty (Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, 1794): US-British agreement signed in London November 19, 1794, negotiated by John Jay; approved by the Senate 20-10 in 1795, it averted war but sparked fierce partisan controversy.
Jennifer Robinson (lawyer)
Jennifer Robinson (Jennifer Kate Robinson), Australian human rights and media lawyer, barrister at Doughty Street Chambers, London; Rhodes Scholar 2006; longtime member of Julian Assange's legal team; distinct from Nashville Littler employment lawyer Jen Robinson.
John Bassett Moore
John Bassett Moore (1860–1947) was an American international law scholar, a Columbia professor for over three decades, and a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1921 to 1928.
John Westlake (law scholar)
John Westlake (1828–1913) was an English jurist who held the Whewell chair of international law at Cambridge from 1888 to 1908 and co-founded the Institut de Droit International.
John Westlake and the colonial critique of international law
John Westlake (1828–1913), Cambridge Whewell Professor and Hague arbitrator, whose racialized, civilizational account of international law is now a central target of TWAIL and postcolonial critique.
Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations (中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于建立外交关系的联合公报)
Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations (中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于建立外交关系的联合公报), the 1978 US-PRC agreement effective January 1, 1979, recognizing the PRC as China's sole legal government, severing ties with the ROC on Taiwan, and enabling unofficial Taiwan relations.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (برنامه جامع اقدام مشترک)
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA, is the 2015 agreement between Iran and world powers limiting Iran's nuclear program in exchange for lifting sanctions.
José Gustavo Guerrero
José Gustavo Guerrero (1876–1958) was a Salvadoran jurist and diplomat who presided over both the Permanent Court of International Justice and its successor, the International Court of Justice.
Journal of African Law
Journal of African Law (ISSN 0021-8553, 1464-3731 online), founded 1957 for SOAS University of London and published by Cambridge University Press, is a peer-reviewed law journal covering all African legal topics, open access from volume 70.
Journal of International Economic Law
Journal of International Economic Law (JIEL), Oxford University Press peer-reviewed quarterly on law and international economic activity, founded by John H. Jackson, publishing since 1998; 2025 Impact Factor 3.6, ranked 9/443 in Law.
Judicial application of international law in national courts
Judicial application of international law in national courts covers how domestic judges apply treaties and custom, mostly indirectly by interpreting statutes in conformity with international obligations.
Junchen (军臣)
Junchen (军臣, 軍臣), Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire r. 161–126 BCE, son and successor of Laoshang Chanyu; heqin treaty generally held under Wen and Jing, but his reign saw raids and the start of open war with Emperor Wu.
Jus ad bellum
Jus ad bellum is the international law governing when states may lawfully use force: the UN Charter Article 2(4) prohibition, Security Council authorization, Article 51 self-defence, and necessity and proportionality, distinct from jus in bello conduct-of-war law.
Kamerun
Kamerun, the German Empire's colony on the Gulf of Guinea from 1884, was partitioned after World War I into French and British League of Nations mandates in 1919–1922 and became modern Cameroon.
Karl Strupp
Karl Strupp (1886–1940) was a German jurist, a leading interwar specialist in international law, and professor at Frankfurt until the Nazis dismissed him in 1933.
Khmer Rouge Tribunal
The Khmer Rouge Tribunal, formally the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), was a hybrid Cambodian-UN court that tried senior Khmer Rouge leaders, convicting Duch, Nuon Chea, and Khieu Samphan for 1975–1979 crimes.
Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri: CIA drone strike with two Hellfire missiles, likely the R9X, killed the al-Qaeda emir on his Kabul safe house balcony on 31 July 2022, the first US strike in Afghanistan since the 2021 withdrawal.
Korea's treaties with European powers, 1883–1886
Between 1883 and 1886 Korea concluded treaties with four European powers: Britain and Germany in 1883, Russia in 1884, and France in 1886, all unequal treaties.
Krill fishery
Krill (Euphausia superba) is a central prey of the Southern Ocean food web, commercially harvested by CCAMLR for aquaculture feed. High 2020s catches led to an early closure.