1,303 articles
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, the UN's principal judicial organ in The Hague, settles legal disputes between States and issues advisory opinions; 15 judges, English and French official languages, consent-based jurisdiction, successor to the 1921 PCIJ.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a 1966 UN treaty in force since 1976 with 175 parties, guarantees civil and political rights and is monitored by the 18-member Human Rights Committee.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), one of the two 1966 human rights Covenants, guarantees work, social security, health, education, and cultural rights; 173 states parties, monitored by the CESCR.
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Court (ICC), permanent tribunal in The Hague under the 1998 Rome Statute, in force 2002, trying genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression; 125 states parties; complementarity principle; US sanctions and 2026 leadership crises.
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a UN court established in 1993 to prosecute war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia since 1991.
International Driving Permit
International Driving Permit (IDP), sometimes called an international driver's license: an official translation booklet of a national driver's license issued under the 1949 Geneva and 1968 Vienna road traffic conventions, valid one year, issued by authorized bodies such as AAA, AATA, and CAA.
International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission (IHFFC) is a permanent treaty body, established in 1991 under Article 90 of Additional Protocol I, that investigates serious violations of international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law
International humanitarian law (IHL), also called the law of armed conflict or law of war, is the branch of international law protecting civilians, wounded, and prisoners in wartime and restricting weapons and methods, built on the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols, and customary rules.
International law
International law: the rules governing relations between states and international organizations, based on treaties, custom, and general principles under ICJ Statute Article 38, administered through institutions descending from the League of Nations and the United Nations.
International Law Association
International Law Association (ILA), founded in Brussels on 13 October 1873 as the Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations; international NGO for study and development of public and private international law, with about 5,000 members, UN consultative status, committees, and biennial conferences.
International Law Commission
The International Law Commission is a UN General Assembly subsidiary organ, established in 1947 under its statute to promote the progressive development of international law and its codification through draft articles, conclusions, and guidelines.
International law journals
International law journals are scholarly periodicals devoted to research in public and private international law, growing from about 100 articles per year in 1900 to nearly 6,000 in 2020.
International law organizations: overview and history
International law organizations are private scientific associations that develop the law of nations, embodied by the International Law Association and the Institut de Droit International, both founded in 1873.
International Monitoring System (CTBTO)
The International Monitoring System is the CTBTO's global network of 337 stations and laboratories in 89 countries, built to detect nuclear explosions underground, underwater, or in the atmosphere.
International Review of the Red Cross
International Review of the Red Cross: peer-reviewed ICRC journal published by Cambridge University Press, founded 1869 as the Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés; covers humanitarian law, policy and action, three issues yearly.
International sanctions
International sanctions: coercive non-military measures, chiefly UN Security Council regimes under Chapter VII Article 41, using arms embargoes, travel bans, and asset freezes; 31 regimes since 1966, 15 active.
International tax planning
International tax planning: arranging cross-border business and income flows to reduce taxes legally, via transfer pricing, treaty shopping, and foreign subsidiaries; countered by OECD/G20 BEPS measures, the Two-Pillar Solution, and a global minimum tax for MNEs over EUR 750 million revenue.
International vehicle registration code
International vehicle registration codes are the one-to-three-letter distinguishing signs (D, GB/UK, FIN) that states notify to the UN under the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Annex 3 and display on vehicles in international traffic.
Interpol
Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization, ICPO-INTERPOL) is an intergovernmental body founded in Vienna in 1923, headquartered in Lyon, with 196 member countries, Red Notices, and no arrest powers of its own.
Interpol notice
Interpol notice: a colour-coded international police alert issued by INTERPOL's General Secretariat, including the Red Notice for wanted persons, which is a cooperation request, not an arrest warrant.
Investment chapters in free trade agreements
Investment chapters in free trade agreements give foreign investors protections such as fair and equitable treatment and protection from expropriation, often enforced through investor–state dispute settlement.
Invocation and severability in treaty law
Invocation and severability in treaty law covers how a party claims grounds to invalidate, terminate, or suspend a treaty under the Vienna Convention's Articles 44 and 65 to 68.
Iran nuclear deal framework
The Iran nuclear deal framework, the JCPOA (2015), is the agreement between Iran and the P5+1 limiting enrichment to 3.67 percent and 5,060 centrifuges for sanctions relief; the US withdrew in 2018 and UN sanctions were snapback-reimposed in 2025.
Iraq–Kuwait boundary demarcation under Security Council resolutions 687, 773 and 833
The Iraq–Kuwait boundary demarcation was the fixing of the Iraq–Kuwait border in binding geographic coordinates by a UN commission created under resolution 687 in 1991, declared final by resolution 833 in 1993.
Irish European Constitution referendum
The Irish European Constitution referendum was the vote by which Ireland planned to ratify the 2004 European Constitution treaty, postponed after French and Dutch rejections and never held.
Isaac Stevens
Isaac Ingalls Stevens (1818–1862), first governor of Washington Territory and its Indian affairs superintendent, negotiated the ten Stevens Treaties of 1854–55 including Medicine Creek and Walla Walla, and died as a Union brigadier general at Chantilly.
ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee
The ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee is a UN Security Council organ created in 1999. It oversees sanctions, including asset freezes and travel bans, on associated groups.
Island of Palmas Case
Island of Palmas Case (Miangas), 1928 PCA arbitration (Case No. 1925-01): Max Huber awarded the small island between Mindanao and the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands, establishing intertemporal law and the continuous, peaceful display-of-sovereignty standard.
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement
Israel–UAE normalization agreement, the Abraham Accords treaty signed in Washington 15 September 2020, establishing peace, diplomatic relations, and full normalization; first Gulf state deal, in exchange for Israel suspending West Bank annexation.
Istanbul Convention
The Istanbul Convention (CETS No. 210) is a Council of Europe treaty on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, opened for signature in Istanbul on 11 May 2011, in force since 1 August 2014, monitored by GREVIO, with the EU acceding in 2023 and Turkey withdrawing in 2021.