1,303 articles
Helsinki Accords
Helsinki Accords (Helsinki Final Act, 1 August 1975): politically binding, non-treaty agreement of the CSCE signed by 35 states (all European countries except Albania, plus the US and Canada), with ten Decalogue principles and baskets on security, economics, and human rights.
Henri Rolin
Henri Rolin (1891–1973) was a Belgian jurist, socialist senator, and professor of international law who served as a judge of the European Court of Human Rights.
Heqin (和亲)
Heqin (和亲) was the Chinese marriage-alliance policy of sealing peace with frontier states, first applied to the Xiongnu around 200 BCE, with 13 Han and 23 Tang cases, ending as state policy in the Song era.
Hierarchy of international law in national legal orders
The hierarchy of international law in national legal orders is set by each state's constitutional arrangements, not by international law itself, which cannot determine its own domestic applicability.
High Seas Treaty
The High Seas Treaty, also known as the BBNJ Agreement or Global Ocean Treaty, is a United Nations treaty protecting marine life on the high seas, adopted in 2023.
High-altitude nuclear explosion
High-altitude nuclear explosion (HANE): detonation of a nuclear weapon tens to hundreds of kilometers up, producing EMP, artificial auroras, and radiation belts; tested by US Operation Fishbowl (Starfish Prime, 1962) and Soviet Project K, banned by the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty.
Hind Rajab Foundation
The Hind Rajab Foundation is a Brussels-based Belgian non-profit founded September 2024, named for a girl killed in Gaza, that files universal jurisdiction war-crimes complaints against Israeli soldiers worldwide and at the ICC.
History of Corsica
The history of Corsica records settlement from the 7th millennium BC, rule by Greeks, Romans, and Genoese, Paoli's independent republic, and its incorporation into France in 1768.
History of Hong Kong
History of Hong Kong: British seizure in 1841, Treaty of Nanking 1842, Kowloon 1860, 99-year New Territories lease 1898, Japanese occupation 1941–45, Joint Declaration 1984, and the 1 July 1997 handover under one country, two systems.
History of inter-state arbitration
The history of inter-state arbitration traces the settlement of disputes between states by binding tribunals, from the Jay Treaty of 1794 to a documented decline after 1945.
History of international law
The history of international law examines how law governing relations between states developed, from ancient Mesopotamian treaties through Grotius's 1625 treatise to the Westphalian treaties of 1648.
History of international law periodicals
The history of international law periodicals runs from the first journal, founded in Ghent in 1869, through the American Journal of International Law in 1907 to rapid growth in the 1990s.
History of state immunity doctrine
History of state immunity doctrine: the international law shielding foreign states from other states' courts, also called sovereign immunity. Traces absolute immunity from Schooner Exchange (1812) through restrictive immunity, the 1976 FSIA, 1978 UK Act, 2004 UN Convention, and the ICJ's 2012 Germany v. Italy judgment.
History of the doctrine of customary international law
The history of the doctrine of customary international law traces how repeated state conduct came to be seen as binding law, from medieval custom to the ILC's 2018 Conclusions.
History of treaty series publication and editing
The history of treaty series publication and editing covers how governments and international organizations collect, authenticate, and print treaties, from eighteenth-century collections through the League and United Nations series.
Holy Alliance
The Holy Alliance was a treaty signed in Paris on 26 September 1815 by Austria, Prussia, and Russia pledging Christian principles in governance; largely symbolic, it ended with Alexander I's death in 1825.
Hōne Heke
Hōne Wiremu Heke Pōkai was a Ngāpuhi chief in New Zealand, an early Treaty of Waitangi signatory who led the Northern War of 1845 to 1846.
Hui Aloha ʻĀina
Hui Aloha ʻĀina (Hawaiian Patriotic League) was a Native Hawaiian organization founded after the 1893 overthrow to oppose U.S. annexation; its 1897 petition carried 21,269 signatures and helped defeat the annexation treaty in the Senate.
Human rights
Human rights: rights held by every person, protected through the UN system (UDHR 1948, nine core treaties, ten treaty bodies, Universal Periodic Review) and three regional systems in Europe, the Americas, and Africa with courts and commissions of differing access rules.
Human rights lawyer
A human rights lawyer is a legal professional who uses impact litigation, fact-finding, and advocacy to defend rights, working across NGOs, courts, governments, and UN bodies.
Human Rights Quarterly
Human Rights Quarterly (HRQ) is a quarterly multidisciplinary human rights journal published by Johns Hopkins University Press, edited by Bert B. Lockwood at the University of Cincinnati's Urban Morgan Institute, the most productive human rights journal in Web of Science with 731 papers, 1990-2020.
Humanitarian intervention
Humanitarian intervention: use of armed force by states or coalitions to stop mass atrocities abroad, without target-state consent. Key cases Kosovo 1999 (illegal but legitimate), Libya 2011 (R2P, Resolution 1973), Syria failure; legality contested under UN Charter Article 2(4).
Humberto Álvarez Machaín
Humberto Álvarez Machaín, Mexican physician abducted by DEA-hired agents in 1990 for the Camarena murder case; his trial and acquittal produced the 1992 Supreme Court abduction ruling and the 2004 Sosa ATS decision.
Humphrey Waldock
Sir Humphrey Waldock (1904–1981), British international lawyer; Chichele Professor at Oxford, ILC Special Rapporteur on the law of treaties and state succession, and President of the European Court of Human Rights 1971–1974.
Hungarian irredentism
Hungarian irredentism, also called Hungarian revisionism, is the movement seeking return of territories lost by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, ideally as Greater Hungary (Nagy-Magyarország).
IAEA safeguards
IAEA safeguards are verification activities by which the International Atomic Energy Agency confirms that a state's nuclear material and activities remain peaceful, using nuclear material accountancy, inspections, containment, and surveillance.
ICC arrest warrants for Israeli leaders
ICC arrest warrants issued 21 November 2024 for Israeli leaders Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant, plus Hamas commander Mohammed Deif, for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza; unexecuted, contested on jurisdiction, and targeted by US sanctions.
ICSID Review
ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal: peer-reviewed journal of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, published on Oxford Academic since spring 1986, covering foreign investment law and investment dispute settlement in English, French, and Spanish.
Identification of customary international law
Identification of customary international law is the methodological question of how courts verify a rule of custom exists, codified in the ILC's 2018 Draft Conclusions requiring a general practice accepted as law.
ILO fundamental labour conventions
The ILO fundamental labor conventions are International Labour Organization treaties covering freedom of association, forced labor, child labor, discrimination, and workplace safety, binding all member states whether or not they ratify.