1,303 articles
German invasion of Luxembourg
German invasion of Luxembourg, 10 May 1940, part of Fall Gelb: Wehrmacht units of Army Group A overran the neutral Grand Duchy, whose government and Grand Duchess Charlotte fled to London; occupation, annexation as Gau Moselland, and liberation in September 1944 followed.
German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
The German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty was signed in Moscow in 1939. It divided the territory of Poland between the two nations and amended their spheres of influence.
German–Soviet Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation
The German–Soviet Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation was a twenty-year friendship treaty between West Germany and the Soviet Union, signed by Helmut Kohl and Mikhail Gorbachev in Bonn in 1990.
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is an OECD-hosted multilateral framework in which 173 jurisdictions peer review standards against bank secrecy and tax evasion.
Golden bull
Golden bull: a decree authenticated by a gold seal (bulla). Covers the Byzantine chrysobull, an imperial privilege or treaty document, and European charters of liberties such as Hungary's Golden Bull of 1222 and the German Golden Bull of 1356.
Great Sioux Reservation
The Great Sioux Reservation was territory set aside for the Sioux Nation in 1868. It lasted over two decades before being divided into six separate reservations in 1889.
Greece–North Macedonia relations
Greece–North Macedonia relations: bilateral ties shaped by the 1991–2018 name dispute, the 1995 Interim Accord, the 2011 ICJ ruling, and the 2018 Prespa Agreement renaming the country Republic of North Macedonia.
Greek–Bulgarian population exchange
The Greek–Bulgarian population exchange was a voluntary reciprocal emigration of minorities under the 1919 Neuilly convention, covering some 37,000 Greeks in Bulgaria and 150,000 Bulgarians in Greece.
Greeks in Turkey
Greeks in Turkey (Rum): the Lausanne-recognized Greek Orthodox minority of Istanbul, Imvros, and Tenedos, remnant of the Anatolian Greeks mostly removed by the 1923 compulsory population exchange.
Grigory Morozov
Grigory Iosifovich Morozov (Григорий Иосифович Морозов, 1921–2001), Soviet jurist and UN law specialist at IMEMO and MGIMO, first husband of Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva; distinct from general Grigory Fyodorovich Morozov and footballer Grigoriy Morozov.
Grounds of invalidity of treaties
The grounds of invalidity of treaties are the circumstances under the 1969 Vienna Convention, Articles 46 to 53, under which a State's consent to a treaty can be shown invalid.
Guarantor of the imperial constitution
A guarantor of the imperial constitution was a power, chiefly France and Sweden, entrusted by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 with upholding the Holy Roman Empire's constitutional settlement.
Guatemala–Mexico border
The Guatemala–Mexico border is the international boundary between Guatemala and the Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and Campeche, fixed by a treaty of 1882 and running about 956 kilometers.
Gustave Moynier
Gustave Moynier (1826–1910) was a Swiss jurist from Geneva who co-founded the International Committee of the Red Cross and presided over it for 46 years.
Hague Adoption Convention
The Hague Adoption Convention (29 May 1993, in force 1 May 1995) is an HCCH treaty with 107 Contracting Parties regulating intercountry adoption through Central Authorities, subsidiarity, and safeguards against child trafficking.
Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs
The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, or Hague System, is a 1925 WIPO-administered treaty letting one international application cover up to 100 designs across 85 contracting parties (102 countries), with 5-year renewable terms, 397 CHF basic fees, and Geneva Act (1999) procedures.
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
The 1954 Hague Convention, adopted 14 May 1954 and in force since 7 August 1956, is the first treaty protecting cultural property in armed conflict, with 138 states parties and 1954 and 1999 Protocols adding restitution and enhanced protection regimes.
Hague Conventions of 1899
The Hague Conventions of 1899 are international agreements signed at the First Hague Peace Conference, convened by Tsar Nicholas II and creating the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are multilateral peace-conference treaties codifying the laws of war, creating the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and whose 1907 Hague Regulations are recognized as customary international law.
Hague Peace Conferences
The Hague Peace Conferences were two international gatherings held at The Hague in 1899 and 1907, convened by Russian Tsar Nicholas II to address disarmament and the laws of war.
Hague Protocol
The Hague Protocol (1955) amends the 1929 Warsaw Convention on international air carrier liability: doubles passenger limits to 250,000 gold francs, simplifies ticket and air waybill rules, rewrites the wilful-misconduct exception, in force 1 August 1963.
Hague Service Convention
Hague Service Convention (HCCH 1965 Service Convention), multilateral treaty of 15 November 1965 on transmitting judicial and extrajudicial documents abroad via designated Central Authorities; in force 10 February 1969 with 84 Contracting Parties.
Hague–Visby Rules
Hague–Visby Rules: the 1924 Hague Rules on bills of lading as amended by the 1968 Visby and 1979 SDR Protocols; carrier liability regime with 666.67 SDR/package or 2 SDR/kg limits, distinct from Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules.
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests)
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 2004 SCC 73, is the Supreme Court of Canada case establishing the Crown's duty to consult and accommodate Aboriginal peoples before rights or title are proven, arising from TFL 39 logging on Haida Gwaii.
Hakodate foreign settlement
The Hakodate foreign settlement was the district where foreign merchants and consuls lived at Hakodate, one of Japan's first treaty ports, opened to trade in 1859.
Hamburg Rules
The Hamburg Rules are the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, adopted at Hamburg in 1978, establishing a uniform legal regime for shippers and carriers.
Handover of Hong Kong
Handover of Hong Kong (香港回歸), also the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong: Britain returned Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 under the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, creating a Special Administrative Region under one country, two systems.
Hans Wehberg
Hans Wehberg (1885–1962) was a German jurist and pacifist, professor of international law in Geneva, who helped prepare the 1928 Briand-Kellogg Pact and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1939.
Harmonized System
The Harmonized System (HS) is the WCO's international six-digit goods classification under the 1988 HS Convention, used for tariffs, trade statistics, rules of origin, and negotiations; HS 2028, its eighth edition, takes effect 1 January 2028.
Harvard International Law Journal
Harvard International Law Journal (HILJ), a student-run Harvard Law School journal publishing international, comparative, and foreign affairs law scholarship; oldest and most-cited student-edited international law journal, print plus HILJ Online, annual symposium.