1,303 articles
Immunity of international organizations
Immunity of international organizations shields intergovernmental organizations and their officials from national court process under treaty-based, functionally grounded rules distinct from State immunity; key instruments include the 1946 and 1947 UN privileges conventions, with Waite-Kennedy and Jam v IFC limits.
Imo Incident (임오군란)
The Imo Incident (임오군란, Imo-gunran), also called the Imo Mutiny, was a July 1882 soldiers' revolt in Seoul against the Min clan government and Japanese legation, shifting power to the Daewongun and triggering Qing and Japanese intervention.
Implementation of international obligations in national law
Implementation of international obligations in national law is the legislative, executive, and administrative measures by which a state gives its treaty duties effect domestically, distinct from ratification.
In rem jurisdiction
In rem jurisdiction is a court's power over a thing or property, Latin 'against the thing', producing judgments binding all the world; distinct from in personam and quasi in rem jurisdiction and reshaped by Shaffer v. Heitner's minimum contacts standard.
Incoterms
Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are 11 ICC-issued trade rules, first published 1936, latest edition Incoterms 2020 (effective 1 January 2020), defining seller and buyer obligations, costs, and risk transfer in international sales contracts; seven rules suit any transport mode, four suit sea and inland waterway.
Independent Albania
Independent Albania: first Albanian state, declared at Vlora 28 November 1912 by Ismail Qemali, recognized de jure by the six Great Powers on 29 July 1913 as a neutral hereditary principality with borders fixed by the London Conference, excluding Kosovo.
India–Bangladesh enclaves
about 28 words: The India–Bangladesh enclaves, locally called chhitmahals, were surrounded pockets of territory located in Cooch Behar that were exchanged between India and Bangladesh in 2015.
India–Maldives maritime boundary treaty
The India–Maldives maritime boundary treaty, signed in New Delhi on 28 December 1976, fixed the sea boundary between India and Maldives in the Arabian Sea on a modified equidistance basis.
India–Maldives relations
India–Maldives relations: bilateral ties established 1 November 1965 after Maldivian independence, covering defence cooperation since the 1988 coup, development finance, trade of USD 771.76 million in 2025-26, the 2024 Muizzu rupture and reset, and India-China rivalry.
India–Soviet Union relations
India–Soviet Union relations (1947–1991): pragmatic non-alliance partnership from April 1947, marked by the 1971 Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation, rupee-settled trade, Soviet arms and Bhilai Steel Plant aid, and continuity into India–Russia arms ties.
India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements
The India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements are two treaties, signed in 1974 and 1976, that settled the maritime boundary through the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.
Indian Appropriations Act
Indian Appropriations Act (March 3, 1871, ch. 120, 16 Stat. 544), the U.S. law ending treaty making with Indian tribes; preserved prior treaties, codified as 25 U.S.C. 71, later amended 1988.
Indian passport
Indian passport: MEA-issued travel document for Indian citizens under the Passports Act 1967; ordinary (blue), diplomatic (maroon), official (white) types; RFID e-passports since May 2025.
Indictment and arrest of Julian Assange
US felony charges against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, first filed 2018 for conspiracy to hack a Pentagon password, expanded 2019 to 18 Espionage Act counts, ending in a June 2024 guilty plea and return to Australia.
Indigenous self-government in Canada
Indigenous self-government in Canada, also known as Aboriginal self-government, is the law-making authority of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis governments, implemented through agreements under the Canadian Constitution.
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace, also the Indira-Mujib Treaty: a 25-year India-Bangladesh friendship treaty signed in Dacca on 19 March 1972 by Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, with 12 articles, notable security clauses in Articles 9-10, and expiration without renewal on 19 March 1997.
Indo-Seleucid treaty
The Indo-Seleucid treaty was the peace and friendship agreement of about 305–303 BCE between Chandragupta Maurya and Seleucus I Nicator, who ceded eastern satrapies for 500 war elephants.
Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation
The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, or Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty, was signed by India and the Soviet Union on August 9, 1971, during the East Pakistan crisis.
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations: bilateral ties across a 760 km New Guinea border, framed by the 1986 Treaty of Mutual Respect, the 1990 Basic Border Agreement, and the 2024 Defence Cooperation Agreement.
Indus Waters Treaty
Indus Waters Treaty (IWT): 1960 World Bank-brokered India-Pakistan treaty dividing the Indus system, giving India the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej and Pakistan the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab; held in abeyance by India in April 2025 and contested before the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
Inner Six
Inner Six: Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, founding members of the ECSC (1951) and EEC (1957), later contrasted with EFTA's Outer Seven.
Instant customary international law
Instant customary international law is Bin Cheng's 1965 thesis that custom can form without prolonged usage if opinio juris is widespread, a claim the International Law Commission rejects.
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
The Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (A-51), adopted at Cartagena de Indias on December 9, 1985 and in force February 28, 1987, is an OAS regional torture treaty with a definition broader than the UN Convention against Torture.
Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail
Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF), also Organisation intergouvernementale pour les transports internationaux ferroviaires, is the Bern-based body created 1 May 1985 by COTIF 1980, amended by the 1999 Vilnius Protocol, maintaining uniform rail law appendices CIV, CIM, RID, CUV, CUI, APTU, and ATMF.
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (Договор о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности)
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, signed by Reagan and Gorbachev on December 8, 1987, banned U.S. and Soviet ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles of 500 to 5,500 km, eliminated 2,692 missiles by 1991, and ended August 2, 2019 after U.S. withdrawal over Russia's 9M729 missile.
International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos
International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos: the 1962 Geneva Declaration and Protocol signed July 23, 1962 by 13 powers plus Laos, guaranteeing a neutral Laos under Canadian-Indian-Polish supervision; it collapsed by 1963.
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is a World Bank Group institution, established in 1966, that arbitrates investment disputes between states and foreign investors.
International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala
The International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (Comisión Internacional contra la Impunidad en Guatemala, CICIG) was a UN-backed body that investigated criminal organizations in Guatemala from 2007 to 2019.
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
ICPPED, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, is a UN treaty adopted 20 December 2006, in force 23 December 2010, monitored by the 10-member Committee on Enforced Disappearances with urgent action, complaint, and visit procedures.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
ICERD (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, also CERD) is the 1965 UN treaty defining racial discrimination, requiring its elimination, supervised by the CERD Committee with 182 parties.