1,303 articles
Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
The Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) is an international agreement prohibiting the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or explosive devices; negotiations have been assigned to the UN Conference on Disarmament in Geneva since 1995.
Foederati
Foederati (from Latin foedus, treaty) were Rome's treaty-bound allies: independent Italian states furnishing contingents in the Republic, and in the late empire barbarian peoples settled under treaty and paid in money, supplies, or land while keeping their own leaders.
Foedus Cassianum
Foedus Cassianum, the Treaty of Cassius of 493 BC, was the defensive alliance between the Roman Republic and the Latin cities, drafted by consul Spurius Cassius, with mutual aid, equal booty, and private-contract rights.
Forced Labour Convention
Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), ILO fundamental treaty adopted 28 June 1930, in force 1 May 1932, defining and prohibiting forced or compulsory labour, with five exceptions, 168 ratifications, supplemented by the 1957 Convention No. 105 and the 2014 Protocol P029.
Foreign terrorist fighter resolutions (Security Council Resolutions 2178 and 2396)
The foreign terrorist fighter resolutions, UN Security Council Resolutions 2178 and 2396, obligate all UN member states to criminalize, detect, and manage cross-border terrorist travel.
Fourth Geneva Convention
The Fourth Geneva Convention, adopted in Geneva on 12 August 1949, is a treaty protecting civilians in wartime, especially those under enemy control or occupation.
France–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations: bilateral diplomatic, economic, cultural, and intelligence ties from the 1920s to 1991, including the 1935 Treaty of Mutual Assistance, de Gaulle's détente, and the 1975 friendship declaration.
Francesca Albanese
Francesca Albanese, Italian human rights lawyer and UN Special Rapporteur on the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 since May 2022; author of Palestinian Refugees in International Law (2020); sanctioned by the US in July 2025, with sanctions suspended by a federal judge in May 2026.
Francis Boyle
Francis A. Boyle, American international law professor at the University of Illinois; counsel to Bosnia at the ICJ and legal adviser to the PLO; drafted the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989; died January 30, 2025.
Franco-Austrian Alliance
Franco-Austrian Alliance: the 1756 Diplomatic Revolution (renversement des alliances) ending two centuries of Franco-Habsburg rivalry, via the Treaties of Versailles, prompted by the Anglo-Prussian Westminster Convention and Kaunitz's diplomacy.
Franco-Ottoman alliance
Franco-Ottoman alliance: the long partnership between France and the Ottoman Empire, begun 1525-1536 by Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburgs, marked by the 1543 siege of Nice, the Toulon wintering, and capitulations trade privileges.
Franco-Russian Alliance
The Franco-Russian Alliance, also called the Dual Entente, was a defensive military and financial partnership between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire, concluded in 1891 and 1893.
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance: bilateral pact signed in Paris 2 May 1935 by France and the USSR, successor to the Eastern Pact project of Barthou and Litvinov; ratified March 1936, never backed by a military accord, ended by the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939.
Free City of Danzig
Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig, Wolne Miasto Gdańsk): semi-autonomous Baltic city-state 1920–1939, created by the Treaty of Versailles under League of Nations protection with special ties to Poland; over 90% German, annexed by Nazi Germany in September 1939.
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
ILO Convention No. 87 (1948), the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention: guarantees workers and employers the right to form organizations without prior authorization; 158 ratifications; ICJ 2026 opinion confirmed the right to strike.
Freedom of navigation
Freedom of navigation: law-of-the-sea principle under UNCLOS guaranteeing innocent passage in territorial seas, transit passage in international straits like Hormuz, and high-seas freedoms in EEZs, enforced by the US FON program since 1979.
French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (Hiệp ước Versailles 1787): the 1787 Treaty of Versailles, Pigneau de Béhaine's embassy, promised versus delivered aid, French officers, and the treaty's role in later Franco-Vietnamese relations.
French expedition to Korea
French expedition to Korea (병인양요, Byeongin Yangyo), the 1866 punitive campaign by Admiral Roze's fleet that occupied Ganghwa Island to avenge nine executed French missionaries and was repelled at Jeongjoksan Fortress.
French protectorate of Tunisia
French protectorate of Tunisia (Protectorat français de Tunisie), 1881-1956: regime established by the Treaty of Bardo and the 1883 La Marsa Convention, ruled through the Bey and a French Resident General, ending with independence on 20 March 1956.
Friedrich Martens
Friedrich Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens, was an Estonian-born Russian jurist and diplomat who drafted the Martens Clause at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference.
Fulbright Program
The Fulbright Program, also called the Fulbright Act program, is the U.S. government's flagship academic exchange program, founded in 1946 by Senator J. William Fulbright, funding about 8,000 annual grants across 160+ countries, with 400,000 alumni, binational commissions, and the Fulbright-Hays counterpart programs.
Full powers (international law)
Full powers, in international treaty law, are a document authorizing a named person to represent a state in concluding a treaty, governed by the 1969 Vienna Convention.
Gaza genocide recognition
Gaza genocide recognition: acts by UN bodies, the ICJ (South Africa v. Israel), human rights organizations like Amnesty, HRW, B'Tselem, genocide scholars, and states declaring Israel's Gaza conduct genocide, with Israeli denial and contested criticism.
Geneva Convention of 1864
The Geneva Convention of 1864, formally the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, was signed at Geneva on 22 August 1864 by twelve states.
Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)
The 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, signed 27 July 1929, was the first detailed POW treaty, complementing the Hague Regulations; it banned reprisals and collective penalties and was replaced by the 1949 Third Geneva Convention.
Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions are four 1949 treaties, core of international humanitarian law, protecting civilians, wounded and prisoners of war; signed by 196 states, expanded by Additional Protocols of 1977 and 2005.
Geneva Protocol
1925 Geneva Protocol, signed 17 June 1925, in force 9 May 1926, bans use in war of chemical and bacteriological weapons; not development or possession; basis for BWC and CWC.
Genocide Convention
Genocide Convention (Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide), UN treaty adopted Paris 9 December 1948, in force 12 January 1951; Article II defines genocide, 154 states parties, ICJ and ICC litigation.
Georges Scelle
Georges Scelle (1878–1961) was a French professor of public international law at Dijon and then the University of Paris, known for the theory of sociological objectivism and the concept of dédoublement fonctionnel.
Georgia–Russia relations
Georgia–Russia relations: bilateral ties severed 2 September 2008 after the five-day August war and Russia's recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia; Switzerland acts as protecting power since 2009, EUMM monitors, EU accession frozen since 2024.