1,303 articles
Disarmament
Disarmament: reduction or elimination of weapons via treaties, from the 1899/1907 Hague Conferences and League of Nations through the NPT, CTBT, and TPNW, including verification and the post-2023 collapse of US–Russia arms control.
Disarmament of Germany under the Treaty of Versailles
Disarmament of Germany under the Treaty of Versailles: Part V enforced cuts of 1919-1935, capping the Reichswehr at 100,000 men, banning an air force, under Allied control commissions until Hitler's repudiation by the Wehrmacht law of March 16, 1935.
Discovery doctrine
Discovery doctrine: the Doctrine of Discovery, a public international law principle giving discovering European nations property and sovereignty rights over inhabited lands, rooted in 15th-century papal bulls, codified in U.S. law by Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823), repudiated by the Vatican in 2023.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution of the Soviet Union (Распад СССР), December 1991 breakup of the USSR into 15 republics via Belavezha Accords, Gorbachev's December 25 resignation, Russian succession to the UN seat, and debt, treaty, and nuclear succession.
Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact ended the Soviet-led military alliance in 1991, with military structures disbanded in February and political organs dissolved in July.
Divisions of the world in Islam
Divisions of the world in Islam: dār al-Islām (abode of Islam) and dār al-ḥarb (abode of war), with dār al-ʿahd as a third abode of treaty; classical Islamic jurisprudence's territorial classifications, their Hanafi criteria, and modern reinterpretations.
Donkey flight
Donkey flight, or dunki (Punjabi for hopping place to place), is an illegal immigration method using multi-stop backdoor routes to the US, UK, and Canada, run by agents charging tens of lakhs of rupees, highlighted by the 2023 Legend Airlines case in France.
Double taxation
Double taxation, or dual taxation, arises when two or more States levy similar taxes on the same taxpayer, the same income, and the same period.
Douglas Treaties
Douglas Treaties (Vancouver Island Treaties): fourteen 1850–1854 land agreements between James Douglas of the Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island First Nations, covering about 927 km² around Victoria, Saanich, Sooke, Nanaimo, and Port Hardy.
Draft United Nations resolution on Israeli settlements, 2011
The draft United Nations resolution on Israeli settlements, circulated in 2011 as S/2011/24, would have deemed settlements illegal and demanded an immediate halt; the United States vetoed it, 14 to 1.
Dublin Regulation
Dublin Regulation (Dublin III, Regulation (EU) No 604/2013) was the EU rule assigning each asylum application to one responsible Member State, mainly the country of first entry; adopted 2013, in force 2014, replaced by the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation in 2026.
Duchy of Lucca
Duchy of Lucca (Ducato di Lucca), a Bourbon-ruled Italian state 1817–1847, successor to the Republic of Lucca; assigned to Maria Luisa di Borbone by the Congress of Vienna and ceded to Tuscany in 1847.
Durand Line
Durand Line: 2,611 km Afghanistan-Pakistan boundary agreed 12 November 1893 between Mortimer Durand and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan; internationally recognized as Pakistan's border but never accepted by Afghanistan.
Early modern treaty-making
Early modern treaty-making is the practice, from the late fifteenth to the late eighteenth century, by which European states concluded written agreements regulating war, peace, trade, and territory.
Ecocide
Ecocide is proposed or enacted criminal law for severe, widespread or long-term environmental destruction. Also called the campaign for a fifth Rome Statute crime; key facts: 1970s Vietnam War origin, 2021 Independent Expert Panel definition, 2024 EU directive and Vanuatu ICC proposal.
Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes (Édit de Nantes), royal edict signed by Henry IV at Nantes on 30 April 1598 granting Huguenots freedom of conscience, limited worship, and civil rights; revoked by Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.
Édouard Descamps
Édouard Descamps (1847–1933) was a Belgian jurist and senator who helped found the Permanent Court of Arbitration and chaired the committee drafting the PCIJ Statute.
Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, also called Treaty of Kadesh or Eternal Treaty: parity agreement of Ramesses II and Hattusili III, year 21 of Ramesses (c. 1259 BCE), with nonaggression, alliance, and extradition clauses, surviving at Karnak, the Ramesseum, and Hattusa.
Electorate of Bavaria
Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern), 1623–1806, a Wittelsbach hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire; electoral dignity granted to Maximilian I in 1623, confirmed at Westphalia 1648, ended by elevation to a kingdom in 1806.
Elisabeth Mann Borgese
Elisabeth Mann Borgese (1918–2002), German-born daughter of Thomas Mann, 'Mother of the Oceans', founded the International Ocean Institute and championed the common heritage of mankind in UNCLOS from Dalhousie University.
Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
The red cross, red crescent, and red crystal emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, their protective and indicative uses under the Geneva Conventions, history from 1864, misuse rules, and the digital emblem project.
Emer de Vattel
Emer de Vattel (1714–1767), Swiss jurist, author of Le droit des gens (1758), the dominant 18th–19th century treatise on the law of nations, dividing it into necessary, voluntary, conventional, and customary law.
Emirate of Transjordan (إمارة شرق الأردن)
Emirate of Transjordan (إمارة شرق الأردن), the Hashemite emirate founded 11 April 1921 under British Mandate rule of Emir Abdullah I, distinguished from the later Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan proclaimed at full independence on 25 May 1946.
Enlargement of NATO
NATO enlargement: the Alliance's growth from 12 founding members in 1949 to 32 in 2024 via ten rounds, based on Article 10's open door, the 1995 Study on Enlargement, and rounds in 1999, 2004, and 2023-2024.
Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale, or Anglo-French Entente, is a set of three agreements signed in London on 8 April 1904 settling British and French colonial disputes.
Entry into force of treaties
Entry into force of treaties is the moment a treaty becomes binding under international law, per Vienna Convention Article 24; the CTBT, adopted in 1996, has never entered into force.
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is Australia's primary Commonwealth environmental law, enacted in 1999 to protect matters of national environmental significance.
Erga omnes
Erga omnes obligations in international law are owed by a State to the international community as a whole, introduced by the ICJ's 1970 Barcelona Traction obiter dictum, distinct from erga omnes partes treaty obligations and jus cogens norms.
Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission
The Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission was an arbitral tribunal established under the 2000 Algiers Agreement to decide claims arising from the 1998–2000 war between Eritrea and Ethiopia.
Ernest Nys
Ernest Nys (1851–1920) was a Belgian lawyer, judge, and legal historian, called the first professional historian of public international law and a professor at Brussels.