1,303 articles
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU, ECJ): Luxembourg-based EU judicial institution created 1952, comprising the Court of Justice (27 judges, 11 advocates general) and the General Court; ensures uniform application of EU law via preliminary rulings, infringement, and annulment actions.
Covenant (treaty)
A covenant, in international law, is a treaty bearing the word "covenant" in its title, a solemn-sounding designation that carries no distinct legal regime.
Covenant of the League of Nations
The Covenant of the League of Nations, adopted 28 April 1919 and in force 10 January 1920 as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles, was the League's 26-article founding treaty covering membership, Assembly and Council, Article 10 guarantees, Article 16 sanctions, and mandates.
Crime in Antarctica
Crime in Antarctica: offenses on the continent governed by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty's Article VIII and national laws; no local police, jurisdiction by nationality, notable cases include Rodney Marks.
Crime of aggression
Crime of aggression, or crime against peace: the leadership crime of planning or executing a state act of aggression, defined in Rome Statute Article 8bis, codified via the 1974 GA Resolution 3314 and 2010 Kampala amendments, activated at the ICC in 2018.
Crime of apartheid
The crime of apartheid is a crime against humanity under international law, defined as inhumane acts within an institutionalized regime of racial domination, codified in 1973 and 1998.
Critiques of international arbitration
Critiques of international arbitration are the body of academic argument that arbitration, especially investor–state dispute settlement, exercises public authority without adequate accountability, transparency, or democratic control.
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 regulated relations between the Kingdom of Hungary and the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia, recognizing Croatia as an associated party with full internal autonomy until the union ended in 1918.
Crowfoot
Crowfoot (Isapo-muxika, ca. 1830-1890), Siksika Blackfoot chief born Kainai, warrior of 19 battles, first signatory of Treaty 7 in 1877, kept the Blackfoot out of the 1885 rebellion, adopted Poundmaker, died April 25, 1890.
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), also Relations Couronne-Autochtones et Affaires du Nord Canada, is the Canadian department, created in 2017, leading modern treaty negotiation and implementation, self-government agreements, and northern affairs.
Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934): bilateral treaty signed in Washington May 29, 1934, abrogating the 1903 Platt Amendment treaty and ending US intervention rights in Cuba while keeping the Guantanamo Bay naval lease in force.
Customary international humanitarian law
Customary international humanitarian law: unwritten IHL rules from a general practice accepted as law, binding all parties to armed conflict. ICRC's 2005 study identified 161 customary rules filling treaty gaps, especially in non-international conflicts.
Customary international law
Customary international law: unwritten rules of international law arising from a general practice of states accepted as law (opinio juris), per ICJ Statute Article 38(1)(b), distinct from treaties; identification method codified in the ILC's 2018 draft conclusions.
Customary international law in domestic legal systems
Customary international law in domestic legal systems is the doctrine by which national courts recognize and rank unwritten international law against statutes, since most constitutions address treaties but not custom.
Customary law
Customary law, chiefly customary international law, is unwritten law formed from general state practice accepted as legally required (opinio juris), under the ICJ Statute's Article 38(1)(b) two-element test and the ILC's 2018 draft conclusions.
Dai Hong Dan incident
Dai Hong Dan incident: Somali pirates seized the North Korean cargo ship Dai Hong Dan (대홍단호) off Mogadishu on 29 October 2007; its crew recaptured the vessel with USS James E. Williams assistance.
Daniel G. MacMartin
Daniel George MacMartin (1844–1923) was a Perth, Ontario mining engineer and Ontario's commissioner for Treaty 9 (James Bay Treaty) in 1905. His 1905 diary, held at Queen's University Archives, records oral hunting and fishing promises now central to Treaty 9 litigation.
Danish West Indies
Danish West Indies (Dansk Vestindien), Denmark's Caribbean colony of St. Thomas, St. Jan and St. Croix from 1672 to 1917; sugar and slavery economy, abolished 1848; sold to the USA for $25 million in gold, becoming the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Declaration by United Nations
Declaration by United Nations, signed 1 January 1942 in Washington, D.C. by 26 Allied states including the US, UK, USSR, and China; first official use of the name United Nations, pledging full war effort and no separate peace.
Declaration of Neutrality
Declaration of Neutrality: Austria's Federal Constitutional Law of 26 October 1955 (BGBl. 211/1955) declaring permanent neutrality, banning military alliances and foreign bases, enacted after the 1955 State Treaty ended Allied occupation.
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
UN General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), the Declaration on Decolonization, adopted 14 December 1960 by 89 votes to none with 9 abstentions; proclaimed an end to colonialism and the right of all peoples to self-determination.
Delian League
Delian League (Confederacy of Delos), founded 478/7 BCE under Athenian hegemony with treasury on Delos; an anti-Persian alliance of Greek city-states paying phoros tribute that evolved into the Athenian empire and dissolved in 404 BCE.
Deportation
Deportation is the compulsory removal of a noncitizen under immigration law, distinct from extradition. Covers UN terminology, US history from 1891 to mass expulsion, non-refoulement, and EU return policy.
Depositary of a treaty
In international law, a depositary of a treaty is a state or organization keeping a multilateral treaty and handling its administrative acts; the UN Secretary-General is the largest.
Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig
The 'Two Michaels': Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor, detained by China on December 10, 2018 in apparent retaliation for Meng Wanzhou's arrest, held 1,019 days, and released September 24, 2021, the day Meng's extradition case was dropped.
Dionisio Anzilotti
Dionisio Anzilotti (1867–1950) was an Italian jurist, a judge and President of the Permanent Court of International Justice and a founder of legal positivism in international law.
Diplomatic bag
Diplomatic bag (diplomatic pouch): sealed, visibly marked container protected by VCDR Article 27; cannot be opened or detained, carries only official-use items; distinct from consular bags and the 1989 unadopted ILC draft articles.
Diplomatic courier
Diplomatic courier: credentialed state agent carrying diplomatic bags and classified material, protected by VCDR Article 27 (1961); U.S. Diplomatic Courier Service founded 1918, ILC draft articles 1989.
Diplomatic protection
Diplomatic protection: a State's discretionary espousal of an international claim on behalf of its injured national after exhaustion of local remedies; codified in the ILC's 2006 Draft Articles, governed by nationality of claims rules, Nottebohm's genuine link, and still without a convention.
Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition: the unilateral act by which a state acknowledges another state or government's legal status; defined by constitutive versus declaratory theories, Montevideo Convention criteria, and effects on diplomatic relations, treaties, and UN membership.