1,303 articles
Eruera Maihi Patuone
Eruera Maihi Patuone (c. 1764–1872) was a Ngāpuhi chief of Hokianga, New Zealand, a warrior turned peacemaker and one of the first Treaty of Waitangi signatories.
Establishment and severance of diplomatic relations
Establishment and severance of diplomatic relations are governed by the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which makes mutual consent the basis of permanent missions.
Ethiopia–Eritrea Boundary Commission
The Ethiopia–Eritrea Boundary Commission, known as the EEBC, was a five-member arbitral panel created by the 2000 Algiers Agreement that delimited the countries' border in 2002.
European Arrest Warrant
European Arrest Warrant (EAW): EU judicial surrender instrument under Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (13 June 2002), replacing extradition between Member States on mutual recognition, with 10/60-day deadlines, 32 offence categories without double criminality, and CJEU case law on rights.
European Communities
European Communities: collective name for the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom, three supranational organizations founded by six states (1951-1958), merged institutionally in 1967, and dissolved into the European Union by the 2009 Lisbon Treaty.
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
ECPT (ETS No. 126), a 1987 Council of Europe treaty in force since 1 February 1989, establishes the CPT, which makes periodic and ad hoc visits to all places of detention in its 46 member-state parties.
European Convention on Extradition
The European Convention on Extradition is a Council of Europe treaty, opened for signature in 1957 and in force since 1960, setting common extradition rules between its parties.
European Convention on Human Rights
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the 1950 Rome treaty of the Council of Europe, enforces civil and political rights across Europe through the Strasbourg European Court of Human Rights, binding its 46 member states.
European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (ETS No. 030), Strasbourg, 20 April 1959: Council of Europe treaty on cross-border judicial cooperation, letters rogatory, witness safe conduct; in force 1962, 50 states parties, three additional protocols.
European Court of Justice
European Court of Justice (ECJ), formally the Court of Justice, the highest EU court in Luxembourg within the CJEU: 27 judges, 11 advocates general, preliminary rulings binding national courts, infringement and annulment actions.
European Rail Traffic Management System
European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS): the EU's single interoperable signalling standard, comprising ETCS train protection, GSM-R/FRMCS radio (RMR), and ATO, replacing over 20 national train control systems, with TEN-T deployment deadlines of 2030 and 2050.
Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
The expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia, known in Czech as odsun, removed roughly 3 million Sudeten Germans in 1945 and 1946, sanctioned by the Potsdam Agreement.
Extradition
Extradition (surrender of a criminal suspect between states) is the formal process by which one country requests another to return a person for prosecution or to serve a sentence, typically under treaty with judicial and executive phases, dual criminality, specialty, and nationality rules.
Extradition law in the United States
Extradition law in the United States: treaty-based international surrender of fugitives under 18 U.S.C. chapter 209, with judicial and State Department phases, dual criminality, political-offense limits, §3196 citizen surrender, and interstate extradition under the Extradition Clause.
Extradition treaties of the United States
Extradition treaties of the United States: the bilateral agreements, anchored in 18 U.S.C. § 3181 and dating to Jay's Treaty of 1794, under which the U.S. surrenders fugitives to over 100 treaty partners, with dual criminality, political offense, and death penalty limits.
Extraordinary rendition
Extraordinary rendition, also known as torture flights, is the extrajudicial transfer of suspects between states for secret detention and interrogation with a genuine risk of torture; the CIA ran such a program after 11 September 2001.
Extraterrestrial real estate
Extraterrestrial real estate: claimed land ownership on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. Outer Space Treaty Article II bars national appropriation; deeds sold by Dennis Hope's Lunar Embassy since 1980 have no legal standing, while four national resource laws and the Artemis Accords push partial recognition.
Extraterritorial jurisdiction
Extraterritorial jurisdiction: a state's exercise of legal power beyond its borders, resting on bases such as nationality, effects, protective, universal, and passive personality, historically tied to consular jurisdiction and unequal treaties.
Extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality: exercise of state legal authority beyond national borders, via universal jurisdiction, effects doctrine, capitulations, consular courts, and sanctions; distinguished from purely territorial jurisdiction.
Extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction in Meiji-era Korea
Extraterritoriality in Meiji-era Korea was the system under which Japanese and Western residents were tried by their own consuls, beginning with the 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa.
Extraterritoriality in China
Extraterritoriality in China was a treaty-based system, from the 1840s to 1943, under which foreigners were tried by their own countries' officials rather than Chinese courts.
Fatwa (فتوى)
A fatwa (فتوى) is a non-binding advisory ruling on Islamic law issued by a qualified mufti in answer to a question, distinct from a qadi's binding judgment and derived through ijtihad.
Federalisation of the European Union
Federalisation of the European Union: the process by which the EU, a treaty-based union of member states with confederal roots, takes on federal characteristics; scholars describe it as a federal union with unmatched joint decision-making but weak federal government in defense and social policy.
Final Act of the Congress of Vienna
The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, the General Treaty of Congress, is the treaty signed at Vienna on 9 June 1815 recording the European settlement after the Napoleonic Wars.
Finland–NATO relations
Finland–NATO relations: Finland's decades as a NATO partner (Partnership for Peace 1994, Enhanced Opportunity Partner), its May 2022 application with Sweden after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and accession as NATO's 31st member on 4 April 2023.
Finland–Russia relations
Finland–Russia relations: ties between neighbors sharing a 1,340 km border, shaped by the 1939–44 wars, the 1948–92 FCMA pact and Finlandization, then NATO accession in April 2023 and border closure since December 2023.
First Geneva Convention
First Geneva Convention (1864), the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, signed 22 August 1864 in Geneva by 12 states; obliged care for all wounded, neutralized medical services, created the red cross emblem, and was revised in 1906, 1929, and 1949.
First Nations Summit
First Nations Summit (FNS), BC First Nations political organization and one of three Principals of the British Columbia treaty negotiations process; named for the 1990 meeting that appointed First Nations members to the BC Claims Task Force; forum of about 150 First Nations, not a negotiating party.
First Partition of Poland
First Partition of Poland (1772): Russia, Prussia, and Austria annexed about a third of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the August 5, 1772 treaty, engineered chiefly by Frederick II of Prussia amid the Russo-Turkish War and Bar Confederation.
First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
First Treaty of Prairie du Chien (Treaty with the Sioux, etc., 1825), a US-tribal treaty signed 19 August 1825 by commissioners William Clark and Lewis Cass with the Sioux, Chippewa, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago, and Illinois River Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi, establishing intertribal peace and boundary lines.