1,303 articles
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty), signed May 26, 1972 by Nixon and Brezhnev, limited US and Soviet strategic missile defenses to one 100-interceptor site each; the US withdrew effective June 13, 2002.
Anti-Comintern Pact
Anti-Comintern Pact (Antikominternpakt): 1936 Berlin agreement between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan against the Communist International, effectively aimed at the USSR; joined by Italy in 1937 and precursory to the Axis.
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is a plurilateral IP enforcement treaty negotiated 2006–2010 and signed in 2011 by the EU, 22 member states, and others; the European Parliament rejected it on 4 July 2012, so it never entered into force.
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (1947–2022) was a Brazilian international lawyer who served as a judge on the International Court of Justice from 2009 until his death.
Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven
Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirvén was a Cuban jurist who drew up the Bustamante Code on private international law and served as a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Antony Anghie
Antony Anghie (Antony Terence Anghie), Sri Lankan-born professor of law at the University of Utah and National University of Singapore, TWAIL scholar, author of Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (2005) and 2023 Manley O. Hudson Medalist.
Apostille Convention
The Apostille Convention (1961 Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents) replaces multi-step consular legalization with a single Apostille certificate; 130 Contracting Parties, in force since 24 January 1965.
Arbitral awards as sources of international law
Arbitral awards as sources of international law are binding tribunal decisions that the ICJ Statute classifies only as a subsidiary means for determining rules of law, not a formal source.
Arbitration and judicial settlement in international law
Arbitration and judicial settlement are international law's two binding forms of third-party dispute settlement: ad hoc tribunals chosen by parties versus standing courts with jurisdiction from law.
Arm's length principle
Arm's length principle: the international standard, in OECD Model Tax Convention Article 9 and the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, requiring intra-group transfer prices to match those between independent enterprises, tested by comparability analysis and five methods.
Armed attack
An armed attack is a use of force of sufficient scale and gravity in international law that triggers a state's right of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter.
Armed reprisal
Armed reprisal: a state's limited use of military force in response to another state's unlawful act, once lawful under the Naulilaa conditions but now prohibited under the UN Charter and ILC countermeasures law.
Arms embargo on Yugoslavia (1991)
UN Security Council Resolution 713 arms embargo on Yugoslavia, 25 September 1991, covering all former Yugoslav territories; monitored by the 724 committee, contested in the US, phased out by Resolution 1021 after Dayton, fully terminated 18 June 1996.
Arms Trade Treaty
The Arms Trade Treaty, also known as the UN Small Arms Treaty, is a UN agreement regulating cross-border trade in conventional weapons, in force since 2014.
Arms trafficking
Arms trafficking, also called illicit firearms trafficking, is the unauthorized cross-border movement of firearms, parts and ammunition under the UN Firearms Protocol and Arms Trade Treaty, driven mainly by diversion of legally produced weapons into illicit markets.
Artemis Accords
Non-binding U.S.-led principles for civil lunar and deep-space exploration, signed October 13, 2020 by the US and seven nations; grounded in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, covering resources, safety zones, and heritage; now 76 signatories.
Article 102 of the United Nations Charter
Article 102 of the United Nations Charter requires every member state to register its treaties with the UN Secretariat, and bars invoking unregistered treaties before UN organs.
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, often called the "war guilt clause", made Germany accept responsibility for the war and served as the legal basis for reparations.
ASEAN Charter
ASEAN Charter: constituent treaty of ASEAN, adopted 20 November 2007 in Singapore, in force 15 December 2008; confers legal personality, sets Summit, Coordinating and Community Councils, consensus rule, and AICHR; Timor-Leste acceded 2025.
ASEAN Declaration
ASEAN Declaration, or Bangkok Declaration, signed 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the foreign ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand; the non-binding founding document establishing ASEAN and its aims.
Asian Journal of International Law
Asian Journal of International Law (AsianJIL), peer-reviewed journal of the Asian Society of International Law, published by Cambridge University Press with NUS Law since 2011; succeeds the Singapore Year Book of International Law; Gold Open Access from 2027.
Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority
Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority [2012] UKSC 22: UK Supreme Court case on whether a European Arrest Warrant issued by Swedish prosecutor Marianne Ny was valid; a 5-2 majority held a prosecutor is a 'judicial authority' under the Extradition Act 2003.
ATA Carnet
ATA Carnet (Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission): international customs document, also called a passport for goods, allowing duty-free temporary import of commercial samples, professional equipment, and exhibition goods for up to one year, backed by an ICC guarantee chain.
Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic Charter, a joint Roosevelt-Churchill declaration of 14 August 1941 at Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, set eight Anglo-American war aims including self-determination, freer trade, and freedom of the seas; unsigned and non-treaty, it inspired anticolonial movements worldwide.
Attacks on parachutists
Attacks on parachutists: wartime attacks on pilots, aircrew, and passengers descending by parachute from disabled aircraft. Such parachutists are hors de combat; Article 42 of Additional Protocol I (1977) and customary IHL (Rule 48) prohibit attacking them during descent, exempt airborne troops, and require a surrender opportunity on landing.
Attempts to arrest Ronald dela Rosa
Attempts to arrest Ronald dela Rosa (Bato), Philippine senator and ex-PNP chief, under the ICC warrant of November 2025 charging drug-war murders; Senate standoff, Supreme Court denial, still at large in 2026.
Augusto Pierantoni
Augusto Francescopaolo Pierantoni (1840–1911) was an Italian international lawyer, parliamentarian, and Garibaldian veteran who co-founded the Institut de droit international in 1873 and held chairs at Modena, Naples, and Rome.
Auld Alliance
The Auld Alliance (Vieille Alliance) was the Franco-Scottish alliance begun by the treaties of Paris of 22–23 October 1295 against Edward I of England, ending militarily in 1560 but enduring commercially and culturally.
Australia–Papua New Guinea relations
Australia–Papua New Guinea relations cover colonial administration to 1975 independence, the 2023 Bilateral Security Agreement, and the 2025 Pukpuk Mutual Defence Treaty alliance, plus Australia's role as PNG's largest development partner with $707 million in ODA.
Australia–Solomon Islands Maritime Boundary Agreement
Australia–Solomon Islands Maritime Boundary Agreement (Honiara, 13 September 1988; [1989] ATS 12; entry into force 14 April 1989). Coral Sea treaty delimiting the Australian Fishing Zone and Solomon Islands EEZ and continental shelf along geodesics through points U, V, and R1, with cross-boundary resource sharing and peaceful dispute settlement clauses.