1,303 articles
British protectorate
British protectorate: a territory outside the Crown's dominions whose foreign relations Britain exclusively controlled, distinct from colonies and protected states; administered by the Foreign Office, inhabited by British protected persons, and dissolved through decolonization.
British Supreme Court for China
British Supreme Court for China (Her Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Japan), a Shanghai-based British extraterritorial court created by Order in Council in 1865, applying English law to British subjects until the 1943 treaty ended extraterritoriality.
Bulgaria–Romania relations
Bulgaria–Romania relations: bilateral ties between two lower-Danube, Black Sea neighbours; 1879 diplomatic relations, 1940 Treaty of Craiova, 1992 friendship treaty, joint NATO 2004 and EU 2007 accession, 2023 strategic partnership, 9.71 billion euro 2024 trade.
Byzantine–Arab treaties and truces
Byzantine–Arab treaties and truces were recurring, time-limited peace and tribute agreements between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad and Fatimid caliphates, beginning with the thirty-year treaty of 678.
Byzantine–Sasanian treaties and truces
The Byzantine–Sasanian treaties and truces were written settlements by which Byzantium and Sasanian Persia regulated their frontier, including the peaces of 363, 532, and 562.
Byzantine–Venetian treaties and chrysobulls
The Byzantine–Venetian treaties and chrysobulls were golden-sealed imperial acts granting Venice commercial privileges, beginning in 992, before Pisa and Genoa, and continuing through renewals and crises until 1453.
Cabinda War
Cabinda War: armed conflict since 1975 between Angola and FLEC separatists fighting for independence of the oil-rich Cabinda exclave, rooted in the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco and rejected Alvor Agreement, ending with the 2006 memorandum and sporadic later attacks.
Canada-China Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Agreement
Canada-China FIPA, a bilateral investment treaty signed at Vladivostok 9 September 2012 and in force 1 October 2014, granting reciprocal investor treatment, ISDS arbitration, and a 15-plus-15-year term.
Canada–United States Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute
The Canada–United States Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute is an unresolved disagreement over a wedge of about 21,000 square kilometers of the Beaufort Sea north of the Alaska–Yukon border.
Cape Verde–Mauritania Maritime Boundary Treaty
The Cape Verde–Mauritania Maritime Boundary Treaty, signed at Praia on 19 September 2003, divides the two countries' exclusive economic zones and continental shelves along a median line.
Capitulation (treaty)
Capitulation (treaty): a treaty or grant, chiefly by Ottoman sultans and Iranian shahs from 1535 onward, conferring extraterritorial consular jurisdiction on foreigners; distinct from surrender capitulations, abolished 1899-1943 (Lausanne, Montreux).
Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia (kapitulatsioonid 1710): 1710 surrender agreements by which Swedish Estonia and Livonia, cities Riga, Pärnu, Tallinn and the Ritterschaften, joined the Russian Empire in the Great Northern War, with privileges confirmed until Alexander III.
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire (ahdname): treaties and unilateral sultanic concessions granting European merchants tax, trade, and consular-jurisdiction privileges, traditionally dated to 1536, renewed 1740, abolished 1914.
Caroline test
Caroline test: customary international law standard for self-defense from the 1837 Caroline incident, requiring force be necessary (instant, overwhelming) and proportionate to an imminent threat.
Casus belli
Casus belli, Latin for "case of war", is the act or situation a state invokes to justify war; English usage from 1840, tied to just war theory and the jus ad bellum.
Catharine Titi (Κατερίνα Τιτή)
Catharine Titi is a legal scholar and Research Associate Professor at CNRS–CERSA. Her work focuses on international investment law, investor-state dispute settlement, and cultural heritage.
Central American Integration System
The Central American Integration System (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana, SICA) is Central America's regional integration framework, created in 1991 by the Tegucigalpa Protocol and based in San Salvador.
Century of humiliation
Century of Humiliation (百年国耻, bainian guochi), Chinese national narrative covering 1839-1949, from the First Opium War to the PRC's founding, marked by unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, and treaty ports; revived after 1989 and central to CCP legitimacy.
Certificate of origin
A certificate of origin is an international trade document certifying the country where goods in an export shipment were produced or substantially transformed, determining tariff preferences and quotas.
Cession
Cession: the consensual transfer of sovereignty over territory between states, usually by treaty, with the ceding state's consent; distinguished from forcible annexation. Covers treaty elements, timing, effects on property and nationality, and historical examples.
Cession of Fiji
The Cession of Fiji was the 1874 transfer of the Fiji Islands to the British Crown by Ratu Seru Cakobau and other high chiefs, making Fiji a Crown Colony.
Chao Cuo
Chao Cuo (晁錯, 200–154 BCE), Western Han statesman under Emperors Wen and Jing, Imperial Secretary from 155 BCE, author of frontier-militia and grain-for-rank policies, executed in 154 BCE during the Rebellion of the Seven States.
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
Chapter VII of the UN Charter (Articles 39–51), the Security Council's enforcement powers: Article 39 threat determinations, Article 41 sanctions, Article 42 military action, Article 51 self-defence, binding on all members.
Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel
Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel (1635–1685), French diplomat and Louis XIV's ambassador to the Ottoman Porte 1670–1679; renewed the Capitulations in 1673, toured the Aegean with Antoine Galland, and built a noted cabinet of curiosities.
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI, also known as Karl VI, was Holy Roman emperor from 1711 to 1740, the last male Habsburg, and promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.
Charter
Charter: in international law, a formal, solemn treaty title, typically the constituent instrument of an organization (UN Charter 1945, OAS Charter 1952, ASEAN Charter 2007); the name carries no distinct legal effect under the Vienna Convention.
Charter of the Organization of American States
The Charter of the Organization of American States, adopted at Bogotá on April 30, 1948, is the OAS's founding treaty. It sets purposes of peace, representative democracy and nonintervention, and was amended by the Protocols of Buenos Aires and Cartagena.
Charter of the United Nations
The Charter of the United Nations, also known as the UN Charter, is the 1945 treaty that established the United Nations, binding its 193 member states under international law.
Chefoo Convention
The Chefoo Convention, also known as the Yantai Convention, was an agreement between Great Britain and Qing China signed at Chefoo in 1876 by Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang.
Chel Diokno
Jose Manuel "Chel" Icasiano Diokno, Filipino human rights lawyer and Akbayan Party-list representative, son of Senator Jose W. Diokno; FLAG chair since 2003, founding dean of the De La Salle College of Law, House prosecutor in Sara Duterte's impeachment trial.