644 articles
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Hart–Celler Act, PL 89-236), signed October 3, 1965, abolished national-origins quotas, created hemispheric caps and family-first preferences, and reshaped U.S. immigrant origins toward Asia and Latin America.
Immigration detentions of U.S. citizens in the second Trump administration
Immigration detentions of U.S. citizens in the second Trump administration: ICE and other federal agents holding American citizens during 2025-2026 enforcement operations; ProPublica counted 506 cases, the government denies a pattern.
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), Public Law 99-603, signed November 6, 1986: banned knowingly hiring unauthorized immigrants, created Form I-9 verification, and legalized about 2.7 million people.
Impeachment
Impeachment is a legislature's formal charge of misconduct against a government official, leading to a trial and possible removal from office. Originated in England's 1376 Good Parliament; in the U.S. the House impeaches by majority and the Senate convicts by two-thirds; impeached U.S. presidents (Johnson, Clinton, Trump) were all acquitted.
Impeachment of Park Geun-hye
Impeachment of Park Geun-hye (박근혜 탄핵): South Korea's National Assembly impeached President Park on December 9, 2016 over the Choi Soon-sil scandal, and the Constitutional Court unanimously removed her on March 10, 2017, the first such removal in Korean history.
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights is the Supreme Court doctrine applying most first ten amendments to state and local governments via the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, from Barron v. Baltimore (1833) through Gitlow, Gideon, McDonald, and Timbs, with grand jury and civil jury exceptions.
Indefinite leave to remain
Indefinite leave to remain (ILR), or settlement, is the UK immigration status allowing a person to live, work and study in the UK without time limit, typically after 5 years on a qualifying visa, leading to British citizenship; distinct from EUSS settled status.
Indian Independence Act 1947
The Indian Independence Act 1947 is a British act (Royal Assent 18 July 1947) creating the independent Dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947, providing partition machinery, ending the Emperor of India title and princely-state suzerainty; repealed by India's Article 395 and Pakistan's Article 221.
Indian nationality law
Indian nationality law governs citizenship under the Constitution and the Citizenship Act, 1955. Acquisition is by birth, descent, registration, and naturalization; amendments in 1986, 2003, 2005 and 2019 (CAA, OCI) shifted it from jus soli toward descent and religion-based criteria.
Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act, signed by Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorized land exchanges and removal treaties moving eastern Native tribes west of the Mississippi, leading to the Trail of Tears.
Indonesian constitutional amendments
The Indonesian constitutional amendments were four revisions of the 1945 Constitution enacted by the People's Consultative Assembly from 1999 to 2002, creating a liberal constitutional democracy.
Industrial area
Industrial area: land allocated for industry in a town-planning scheme, distinct from UN-defined industrial zone, estate, and park; zoned, buffered from residences, and tracked in land use statistics.
Information Commissioner's Office
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) was the UK's independent data protection and freedom of information regulator, founded as the Data Protection Registrar in 1984, renamed in 2001, and succeeded by the Information Commission on 30 September 2026 under the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025.
Insurrection Act of 1807
Insurrection Act of 1807: U.S. federal law signed by Jefferson letting the president deploy the military domestically; amalgamation of 1792–1871 statutes, primary exception to the Posse Comitatus Act, invoked about 30 times, last in 1992 Los Angeles riots.
Interim Constitution of South Africa
The Interim Constitution of South Africa, formally Act 200 of 1993, was negotiated to end apartheid and governed the country from 27 April 1994 until 1997.
Internal passport
Internal passport: a state-issued identity document controlling movement, residence, and services within a country, unlike the external passport; the Soviet 1932 system with propiska registration is the defining historical example.
International human rights law
International human rights law: the body of treaties, custom, and UN and regional institutions, built on the 1948 Universal Declaration and the ICCPR and ICESCR Covenants, imposing respect, protect, and fulfil obligations on States and monitored by ten treaty bodies.
International Rescue Committee
International Rescue Committee (IRC), founded 1933 at Albert Einstein's suggestion, is a New York-based humanitarian NGO working in over 40 countries and 28 U.S. cities, aiding refugees and crisis-affected people and resettling up to 10,000 refugees yearly.
International Traffic in Arms Regulations
The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) are United States regulations governing the export and import of defense articles and services, administered by the State Department's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls.
Internet censorship
Internet censorship is the suppression of online access or expression by governments, institutions, or platforms. Key techniques include DNS manipulation, IP blocking, deep packet inspection, and shutdowns; global internet freedom has declined 15 consecutive years (Freedom House 2025).
Investigatory Powers Act 2016
Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA, "Snoopers' Charter"), UK statute 2016 c. 25 consolidating interception, communications data, equipment interference and bulk personal dataset powers, with the double-lock judicial approval system, Investigatory Powers Commissioner oversight, and 2024 amendments.
Irish nationality law
Irish nationality law governs who is an Irish citizen. Key statutes: the 1935 Act and the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956, amended after the 2004 referendum that restricted birthright citizenship; naturalisation generally requires 5 years of reckonable residence.
Israeli citizenship law
Israeli citizenship law centers on the Citizenship Law 5712-1952 and Law of Return 1950, covering acquisition by return, birth, residence, naturalization, the 2003 family-unification ban, and citizenship revocation.
Issam al-Khalif
Issam Khaled al-Khalif (عصام خالد الخليف), born in 1981, is a Syrian jurist and academic serving since 2026 as president of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria.
Italian nationality law
Italian nationality law, governed by Law 91/1992, centers on citizenship by descent (ius sanguinis) with residual ius soli and dual citizenship; Law 74/2025 restricted descent claims by people born abroad, sustaining constitutional and Cassation challenges.
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905), the Supreme Court case upholding Cambridge, Massachusetts's compulsory smallpox vaccination order and Henning Jacobson's $5 fine as a valid exercise of state police power.
Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (जम्मू-कश्मीर पुनर्गठन अधिनियम, 2019), Act 34 of 2019, split the Indian state into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature) and Ladakh (without), effective 31 October 2019 alongside Article 370's abrogation.
Jan Lokpal Bill (जन लोकपाल विधेयक)
Jan Lokpal Bill (जन लोकपाल विधेयक), 2010-2011 civil society draft anti-corruption law by Anna Hazare's team (Hegde, Bhushan, Kejriwal); differed from government Lokpal Bill on PM, judges, CBI; never enacted, superseded by Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013.
Janet Reno
Janet Reno (Janet Wood Reno, 1938-2016), American prosecutor and 78th U.S. Attorney General (1993-2001), the first woman in the post; former Dade County state attorney, oversaw Waco raid and Whitewater independent counsel appointments.
Japanese nationality law
Japanese nationality law (国籍法), Law No. 147 of 1950, defines acquisition, retention, choice, and loss of Japanese nationality through birth, notification, and naturalization, replacing the 1899 act and amended notably in 1985 and 2008.