644 articles
Directive Principles
Directive Principles of State Policy are non-justiciable welfare directives in Part IV, Articles 36-51, of India's Constitution, drawn from the 1937 Irish Constitution, implemented through welfare legislation and case law such as Minerva Mills.
Disaster Management Act, 2005
Disaster Management Act, 2005 (Act 53 of 2005; आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम), India's principal disaster law, enacted after the 2004 tsunami; creates NDMA (PM-chaired), SDMAs, DDMAs, NDRF and response funds; amended by the Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025 adding UDMAs and statutory committees.
Dismissal of James Comey
Dismissal of James Comey: President Trump fired FBI Director James Comey on May 9, 2017, citing Rosenstein's memo on the Clinton email case, prompting the Mueller special counsel obstruction investigation.
Domestic dependent nations
Domestic dependent nations: term coined by Chief Justice Marshall in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) for the status of federally recognized American Indian tribes, which hold inherent sovereignty over members and territory while dependent on federal protection and Congress's plenary power.
Draco (Δράκων) (legislator)
Draco (Δράκων), Athenian lawgiver of c. 624–621 BCE, credited with Athens' first written law code; only his homicide law (republished 409/8 BCE) is securely attested, and 'Draconian' harshness is largely later tradition.
Due process
Due process of law is a US constitutional guarantee in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments that government may not deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property unfairly.
Due Process Clause
The Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments bars depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; it grounds procedural due process, incorporation, and contested substantive due process doctrine.
Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly of 1897
The Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly of 1897 (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente 1896–1897) was convened by General Eloy Alfaro after the Liberal Revolution of 1895, decreeing the Constitution of 14 January 1897 and naming him constitutional president.
Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly of 1929
The Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly of 1929 (Asamblea Constituyente de 1928-1929) met in Quito under President Isidro Ayora, drafted the 1929 constitution, and made Ecuador the first Latin American country to grant women the vote.
Ecuadorian Constituent Congress of 1830
The Ecuadorian Constituent Congress of 1830 met in Riobamba after Ecuador separated from Gran Colombia, produced the country's first constitution, and elected Juan José Flores as its first president.
Ecuadorian Constitution of 1830
The Ecuadorian Constitution of 1830 (Constitución del Estado del Ecuador), also called the Floreana constitution, was Ecuador's first, sanctioned at Riobamba in September 1830 after separation from Gran Colombia.
Ecuadorian Constitution of 1861
The Ecuadorian Constitution of 1861 was the seventh constitution of Ecuador, promulgated in Quito on 10 April 1861 under Gabriel García Moreno, introducing direct and secret suffrage and replacing departments with provinces.
Ecuadorian Constitution of 1929
The Ecuadorian Constitution of 1929 (Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador) was the thirteenth constitution of Ecuador, promulgated under President Isidro Ayora, and made Ecuador the first Latin American country to grant women the vote.
Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010) is a consensus constitutional reform that abolished the Concurrent List, devolved 17 federal ministries to the provinces, curtailed presidential powers, and, with the 7th NFC Award, reshaped fiscal federalism.
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established national Prohibition, banning manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors; it was ratified January 16, 1919 and repealed in 1933.
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (1983) guaranteed the equal right to life of mother and unborn, effectively banning abortion; repealed by the 2018 Thirty-sixth Amendment after the May 2018 referendum.
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights (ratified 1791), prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments; its clauses govern bail setting, civil forfeiture, proportionality, and conditions of confinement.
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Eleventh Amendment (1795) to the U.S. Constitution, a response to Chisholm v. Georgia, bars federal suits against states by out-of-state or foreign citizens, embodying state sovereign immunity with exceptions like Ex parte Young.
Emergency
A state of emergency is a legally defined, time-limited condition granting the executive extraordinary powers against threats like war, disaster, or epidemic, subject to judicial and parliamentary control.
Emil Albert Friedberg
Emil Albert Friedberg (1837–1910) was a German jurist and leading state canonist who taught at Halle, Freiburg, and Leipzig, and edited the Corpus Iuris Canonici (1879–1881).
Emission standard
Emission standard: legal limit on the quantity, rate, or concentration of air pollutant emissions, defined by the US Clean Air Act and implemented via NAAQS, NSPS, NESHAPs, vehicle tailpipe standards, Euro 6, and continuous emission monitoring.
England and Wales
England and Wales is a single UK legal jurisdiction and one of three UK legal systems, formed by the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543. It shares courts, common law, and legal professions, with devolution creating distinct Welsh law within the joint jurisdiction.
English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026
English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 (2026 c. 23), UK Act receiving Royal Assent 29 April 2026, creates strategic authorities, Community Right to Buy, gambling impact assessments, and bans upwards-only rent review clauses.
English Language Act 2026
New Zealand public act, 2026 No 49, assented 6 August 2026, declaring English an official language of New Zealand alongside te reo Māori and New Zealand Sign Language; a declaratory Government bill in charge of Paul Goldsmith.
English PEN
English PEN, founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, is a writers' association campaigning for freedom of expression and the founding center of the PEN movement.
Entrenched clause
Entrenched clause, also called eternity clause or unamendable provision: a constitutional provision shielded from amendment, from supermajority constraints to outright prohibitions, exemplified by Germany's Basic Law Article 79(3) and India's basic structure doctrine.
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (Act No. 29 of 1986): India's umbrella environmental framework law, in force 19 November 1986, defining 'environment' in Section 2, empowering the central government under Sections 3 and 5, with penalties decriminalised by the Jan Vishwas Act 2023.
Environmental law
Environmental law, also known as environmental regulation or green law, is the body of statutes, treaties, and judicial decisions protecting air, water, land, and biodiversity, with modern global practice traced to the 1972 Stockholm Conference.
EPA Tier 3 emissions standards
The EPA Tier 3 emissions standards, promulgated in 2014, tighten tailpipe and evaporative emission limits for new vehicles and cut gasoline sulfur to 10 ppm from 2017.
Equal Protection Clause
Equal Protection Clause: part of Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868), barring states from denying any person equal protection of the law; extended to the federal government via the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, and enforced through strict, intermediate, and rational basis scrutiny.