644 articles
Communist Control Act of 1954
The Communist Control Act of 1954 (P.L. 637, 68 Stat. 775) outlawed the Communist Party USA, stripped it of legal rights, and subjected members to Internal Security Act penalties; never repealed, never directly ruled on by the Supreme Court.
Concurrent List
The Concurrent List is List III of India's Seventh Schedule: subjects such as criminal law, education, and forests on which both Parliament and State Legislatures may legislate, with Union law prevailing on repugnancy under Article 254.
Confederation
Confederation: a union of sovereign states, such as the early United States under the Articles of Confederation or the European Union, whose weak central body acts only with member consent, unlike a federation.
Constituent assembly
Constituent assembly: an elected representative body created to draft or adopt a constitution, exercising the people's constituent power. Covers the French sovereign model versus the American proposing-body model, mandates, procedure, and cases from 1789 to Chile 2021–22.
Constituent Assembly of India (भारत की संविधान सभा)
The Constituent Assembly of India (भारत की संविधान सभा), a 389-member indirectly elected body under the Cabinet Mission Plan, met from 9 December 1946, drafted the Constitution, and adopted it on 26 November 1949.
Constituent Assembly of Indonesia
The Constituent Assembly of Indonesia, known in Indonesian as the Konstituante, was elected in 1955 and met from 1956 to 1959 to draft a permanent constitution before Soekarno dissolved it.
Constitution
Constitution: the fundamental rules establishing a state's institutions, distribution of power, and citizens' rights. Covers codified versus uncodified models (UK, Israel, New Zealand), constitutional review, a 16-year half-life for democratic constitutions, and 2025–2026 reform trends.
Constitution Day (India)
Constitution Day (Samvidhan Divas), India's annual observance on 26 November commemorating the 1949 adoption of the Constitution; notified in 2015, formerly National Law Day, marked by mass Preamble readings.
Constitution of Australia
Constitution of Australia: supreme written law of the Commonwealth, enacted 1900, in force 1 January 1901. Also called Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. Federal structure, sections 51/52, section 128 double-majority referendum amendment, only 8 of 45 proposals carried.
Constitution of Bangladesh
Supreme written constitution of Bangladesh, adopted 4 November 1972 on nationalism, socialism, democracy, and secularism; amended 17 times, shaped by the basic structure doctrine, the 2011 Fifteenth Amendment, and post-2024 reform and litigation.
Constitution of Bermuda
The Constitution of Bermuda is Bermuda's supreme written instrument of government, contained in the Bermuda Constitution Order 1968, which introduced responsible government and a Westminster-style legislature.
Constitution of Canada
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of Canada, centered on the Constitution Act, 1867 and Constitution Act, 1982, patriated in 1982, with the Charter, section 35 Aboriginal rights, the 7/50 amendment formula, and unwritten principles like federalism, democracy, and respect for minorities.
Constitution of Cuba
Constitution of Cuba (Constitución de la República de Cuba): supreme law of Cuba. Current text approved by referendum February 24, 2019, replacing the 1976 Constitution reformed in 1978, 1992, and 2002; socialism declared irrevocable since 2002.
Constitution of East Timor
The Constitution of East Timor (Constituição da República Democrática de Timor-Leste) is the supreme law of Timor-Leste, drafted by an elected Constituent Assembly and in force since independence on 20 May 2002.
Constitution of Eswatini
The Constitution of Eswatini, formally the Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act, 2005, is the supreme law of Eswatini, promulgated in 2005 and effective 8 February 2006.
Constitution of France
The Constitution of France, also called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, is France's supreme law, adopted by referendum and promulgated on 4 October 1958.
Constitution of India (भारत का संविधान)
Constitution of India (भारत का संविधान), supreme law of the Republic, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950; 395 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules; basic structure doctrine limits amendment.
Constitution of Iran
Constitution of Iran (قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران): supreme law adopted 1979, amended 1989, combining republican institutions with velayat-e faqih, a Guardian Council veto over legislation, and unalterable Islamic principles under Article 177.
Constitution of Ireland
The Constitution of Ireland, Bunreacht na hÉireann, is the fundamental law of Ireland, adopted by plebiscite in 1937 and amendable only by referendum of the people.
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir: state constitution adopted 17 November 1956, effective 26 January 1957, declaring J&K integral to India; distinctive Sadar-i-Riyasat and permanent-resident provisions; rendered inoperative by the 2019 abrogation of Article 370.
Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法)
Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法, Nihonkoku Kenpō): fundamental law promulgated November 3, 1946, effective May 3, 1947, drafted under US occupation; Article 9 renounces war; never amended, reshaped by interpretation.
Constitution of Kazakhstan
Constitution of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Конституциясы), the supreme law of Kazakhstan. Current text adopted by referendum March 15, 2026, in force July 1, 2026, replacing the 1995 Constitution; creates unicameral parliament, vice presidency, and People's Council.
Constitution of Latvia
The Satversme, the constitution of Latvia, was adopted on 15 February 1922 and restored after regaining independence in 1990, making it one of Europe's oldest constitutions.
Constitution of Malaysia
The Federal Constitution of Malaysia (Perlembagaan Persekutuan), in force 31 August 1957 and 16 September 1963, is the supreme law of Malaysia: a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a rotating Agong, fundamental liberties, and extensive amendment history.
Constitution of Mexico
Constitution of Mexico (Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos): supreme law promulgated 5 February 1917, reforming the 1857 charter; first constitution with social rights (Articles 3, 27, 123); amended 841 times by 2025; 2024 reforms elect judges and shield amendments from courts.
Constitution of Namibia
The Constitution of Namibia is the supreme law of Namibia, adopted on 9 February 1990 by an elected Constituent Assembly and effective on independence, 21 March 1990.
Constitution of Nepal (नेपालको संविधान)
Constitution of Nepal (नेपालको संविधान), the 2015 fundamental law promulgated 20 September 2015 by President Ram Baran Yadav, establishing a secular federal democratic republic with three government tiers and Article 274 amendment rules.
Constitution of Nigeria
Constitution of Nigeria: the 1999 Constitution, supreme law promulgated by Decree No. 24 of 1999, establishing a federal presidential republic with exclusive, concurrent, and residual legislative lists and strict two-thirds amendment rules.
Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان)
Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان), the 1973 supreme law of Pakistan: federal parliamentary system, 12 Parts, 280–303 articles, fundamental rights (Articles 8–28), Islamic provisions, 27 amendments through 2025.
Constitution of Pakistan of 1956
Constitution of Pakistan of 1956, the country's first constitution, adopted 29 February 1956 and enforced 23 March 1956, making Pakistan an Islamic Republic with a parliamentary, unicameral federal system; abrogated 7 October 1958 by Iskander Mirza, ushering in martial law under Ayub Khan.