644 articles
Constitution of Poland
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is Poland's supreme law, adopted on 2 April 1997, approved by referendum, and in force since 17 October 1997.
Constitution of Russia
Constitution of the Russian Federation (Конституция Российской Федерации), supreme law adopted 12 December 1993 after the October crisis; democratic federal state with a strong presidency; 2020 amendments reset terms, allowing Putin rule until 2036.
Constitution of South Africa
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996): supreme law of South Africa, in force 4 February 1997, replacing the 1993 interim constitution; includes the Chapter 2 Bill of Rights and was certified by the Constitutional Court after a first refusal in September 1996.
Constitution of South Korea
The Constitution of South Korea (대한민국 헌법) is the supreme law of the Republic of Korea, first promulgated in 1948 and last amended in 1988.
Constitution of the Philippines
Constitution of the Philippines: the 1987 Constitution (Saligang Batas), supreme law drafted by the 1986 Constitutional Commission, ratified February 1987, restoring the presidential system with a bicameral Congress, a single six-year presidential term, and three amendment routes under Article XVII.
Constitution of the United Kingdom
The uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom: rules of government drawn from statutes, common law, conventions, treaties and judicial decisions rather than one document, resting on parliamentary sovereignty and shared with Israel and New Zealand.
Constitution of the United States
Constitution of the United States: supreme law drafted at the 1787 Philadelphia convention, signed September 17, 1787, ratified by nine states by June 21, 1788; preamble and seven articles, 27 amendments including the Bill of Rights.
Constitution of Tonga
The Constitution of Tonga (Konisitutone ʻo Tonga) is Tonga's written supreme law, granted by King George Tupou I on 4 November 1875 and still in force today.
Constitution of Uzbekistan
The Constitution of Uzbekistan is the supreme law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, first adopted on 8 December 1992 and rewritten in a new edition approved by referendum in 2023.
Constitutional amendment
Constitutional amendment: formal change to a constitution's text through its own prescribed procedure. Also called constitutional revision; relates to constitutional rigidity, entrenchment, eternity clauses, and unconstitutional constitutional amendments.
Constitutional carry
Constitutional carry, or permitless carry, lets eligible adults carry handguns without a permit, fee, or training. Vermont never required permits; Alaska began the modern wave in 2003; 29 states had it by 2026.
Constitutional crisis
Constitutional crisis: a breakdown in which a constitution cannot resolve a dispute essential to government, per Levinson-Balkin's three types and Versteeg-Zackin's crises of authority; distinguished from ordinary political conflict and overused crisis rhetoric.
Constitutional law
Constitutional law: the interpretation and application of constitutions, centered on judicial review, separation of powers, amendment rules, and comparative models from strong-form US review to weak-form and specialized constitutional courts.
Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)
The Constitutional Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Konstytucyjny, TK) is Poland's constitutional court, created in 1985 and seated in Warsaw. It strikes down unconstitutional laws and hears individual complaints.
Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism is the principle that government power should be legally limited, resting on rule of law, limited government, and individual rights. Rooted in Magna Carta and Locke, it requires entrenchment, judicial review, and actual compliance, and admits authoritarian as well as democratic varieties.
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
The Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, or Article V convention, is a gathering of state delegates that Congress must call when 34 states apply.
Corwin Amendment
The Corwin Amendment, proposed March 2, 1861 by Thomas Corwin of Ohio, was an unratified constitutional amendment that would have permanently barred Congress from abolishing or interfering with slavery in states where it existed.
Counselor to the President
Counselor to the President (White House Counsel, formally Counsel to the President) is the White House Office's chief lawyer: advises the president, vets appointments, handles ethics and DOJ liaison, and serves the office of the presidency rather than the individual.
Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom
Courtesy titles in the UK are junior titles, such as an heir's use of a father's subsidiary peerage or the style The Honourable, held by custom rather than law by children of peers.
Creek Constitution of 1859
The Creek Constitution of 1859 was the first written constitution of the Creek (Muscogee) Nation in Indian Territory, replaced by a new constitution in 1867 after the Civil War.
Crémieux Decree
The Crémieux Decree (décret Crémieux) was an 1870 French decree making about 34,000 Jews of Algeria French citizens, named for justice minister Adolphe Crémieux and abrogated by Vichy in 1940.
Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940
The Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940 (Convención Constituyente de 1940) was the elected assembly that drafted Cuba's 1940 Constitution, which took effect in October 1940.
Customs officer
Customs officer: government official who clears travelers and goods at borders, collects duties, and enforces import-export laws; also called CBP officer in the US; works within WCO standards and modern risk-management systems.
Dawes Act
Dawes Act (General Allotment Act, 1887), US law by Sen. Henry Dawes allotting reservation lands in severalty to individual Native Americans, selling "surplus" to settlers; 25-year trust; ~90 million acres lost by 1934.
Decree
Decree: a formal binding order issued by an executive authority (president, monarch, government) with legal force without a legislative vote; also called DNU, royal decree, or presidential decree; distinguished from executive orders and subject to constitutional review.
Denis Mukwege
Denis Mukwege, also known as Denis Mukengere Mukwege, is a Congolese gynecologist who founded Panzi Hospital in Bukavu and shared the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize with Nadia Murad.
Deportation of Kilmar Abrego Garcia
Kilmar Abrego Garcia, a Salvadoran Maryland resident with 2019 withholding of removal, was mistakenly deported to CECOT in March 2025; the Supreme Court ordered facilitation of his return; his criminal case was dismissed in May 2026.
Detention of Everlee Wihongi
Detention of Everlee Wihongi: 2026 ICE custody of a New Zealand citizen and US green card holder held at Los Angeles airport over a 2014 Wisconsin cannabis conviction; the conviction was vacated and she was later released after criticism of New Zealand's consular response.
Detention of Mahmoud Khalil
Detention of Mahmoud Khalil: the March 8, 2025 ICE arrest of the Palestinian Columbia graduate and lawful permanent resident, his 104-day detention in Jena, Louisiana, the Rubio foreign-policy deportation charge, and the resulting habeas and Third Circuit litigation.
Diploma Andreanum
The Diploma Andreanum, German Goldener Freibrief, is a 1224 charter by which King Andrew II of Hungary granted collective rights and autonomy to the German settlers of southern Transylvania, the Transylvanian Saxons.