9,901 articles
Fundamental Law of Hungary
The Fundamental Law of Hungary (Magyarország Alaptörvénye) is the country's constitution, adopted by the National Assembly in 2011 and in force since 1 January 2012, replacing the 1949 constitution.
Fundamental rights
Fundamental rights are constitutionally entrenched, justiciable rights overriding ordinary law, exemplified by India's Part III (Articles 12–35) and US strict-scrutiny doctrine, distinct from universal human rights and positive-law civil rights.
Fundamental rights in India
Fundamental rights in India are the justiciable rights in Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Constitution of India, covering equality, freedom, and constitutional remedies; enforced by the Supreme Court under Article 32 and High Courts under Article 226.
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
Three sections of the Constitution of India, also called the Indian Constitution's Parts III, IV, and IV-A: justiciable Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35), non-justiciable Directive Principles (Articles 36-51), and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A), with their case-law relationship.
Furman v. Georgia
Furman v. Georgia was a 1972 Supreme Court decision holding that unguided jury discretion in capital sentencing violated the Eighth Amendment, halting all US executions.
FURRIES Act
The FURRIES Act (Forbidding Unlawful Representation of Roleplaying in Educational Spaces) was Texas House Bill 54 of 2025, a Gerdes-authored, Abbott-backed bill banning non-human student behavior in schools; it died in committee.
Furtum
Furtum (theft) is the Roman delict of dishonest handling of another's movable property for gain, with species furtum usus and furtum possessionis, penalized by the actio furti at double or quadruple value, foundation of modern theft law.
Futoshi Matsunaga (松永太)
Futoshi Matsunaga (松永太), with common-law wife Junko Ogata, committed the Kitakyushu confinement murders: seven family members killed 1996–1998 under psychological control; death sentence finalized 2011, unexecuted as of 2024.
G. Gordon Liddy
G. Gordon Liddy (1930–2021), American FBI agent turned Nixon operative, masterminded the 1972 Watergate break-in, served the longest prison term of the conspirators, and later hosted a syndicated radio show.
G. M. Snow
G. Murray Snow, born 1959, is an American jurist serving as a senior United States district judge for the District of Arizona, appointed by George W. Bush in 2008.
G. S. Agee
G. Steven Agee (born 1952) is an American jurist serving as a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit since 2008.
G.I. Bill
G.I. Bill, or Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, is the U.S. law signed June 22, 1944 giving WWII veterans education, unemployment, and home-loan benefits; renewed as the Montgomery and Post-9/11 GI Bills.
Gabriel P. Sanchez
Gabriel Patrick Sanchez, born 1976, is an American jurist on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals since 2022, appointed by Biden after serving on California's Court of Appeal.
Gaetano Badalamenti
Gaetano "Don Tano" Badalamenti (1923–2004), Sicilian Mafia boss of Cinisi and head of the Sicilian Commission 1973–1978, chief defendant of the FBI's Pizza Connection heroin case, sentenced to 45 years in the US and life in Italy for Peppino Impastato's murder.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973), Supreme Court case extending Morrissey v. Brewer's two-hearing due process framework to probation revocation and adopting a case-by-case right to appointed counsel for indigent probationers and parolees.
Gail A. Weilheimer
Gail A. Weilheimer is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania since 2025, appointed by President Biden.
Gale Benson
Gale Ann Benson (née Plugge, 1944-1972), British model and daughter of MP Leonard Plugge, murdered at Michael X's Trinidad commune; Stanley Abbott and Edward Chadee were convicted of her killing.
Galley slave
Galley slave: a person forced to row an oar-powered warship, mainly in the early modern Mediterranean. Also called forzati, galeotti, kürek servitude. Mixed slaves, convicts, and free rowers; ended with the shift to sail.
Gallows
Gallows: raised frames with a crossbeam and noose used for execution by hanging, the most common method in Britain and over half of US executions; Tyburn, long drop, 1868 abolition.
Gambino crime family
The Gambino crime family is one of New York's five La Cosa Nostra families, formed in 1931 from the Mangano family, named for boss Carlo Gambino, and led later by John Gotti; known for gambling, loansharking, labor racketeering, and construction extortion.
Gambling in China
Gambling in China: banned on the mainland under Article 303 of the Criminal Law except the state Welfare and Sports lotteries, while casino gambling is legal only in Macau, the world's largest gaming hub under one country, two systems.
Gambling in India
Gambling in India: regulated by the Public Gambling Act 1867 and state laws (Entry 34, State List); casinos only in Goa, Daman and Diu, and Sikkim; the PROG Act 2025 bans all online money games nationwide from 1 May 2026.
Gambling in Macau
Gambling in Macau: casino gaming in the Macao SAR, the only Chinese city where casinos are legal. Six concessionaires under 10-year contracts (2023-2032) under Law 16/2001 as amended by Law 7/2022; 2023 receipts MOP188.52 billion.
Gambling in the United States
Gambling in the United States: state-regulated lotteries, casinos, tribal gaming, and sports betting; 38 states plus DC had legal sports betting by end of 2024; $66.5B commercial casino revenue in 2023.
GameStop short squeeze
The GameStop short squeeze, or GME short squeeze, was a January 2021 episode in which retail investors drove GameStop shares to $483, causing heavy short-seller losses.
Gang
Gang: a durable association of three or more people with shared identity, symbols, and elevated criminal activity, usually meaning US street gangs; loosely structured, distinct from organized crime, historically tied to immigration and migration waves.
Gang rape
Gang rape is rape of a person by two or more perpetrators, also called multiple perpetrator rape. Key facts: paired offenders commit about half of group offences; South Africa mandates life imprisonment; ICTY Foča convictions defined rape as torture.
Gangs in Australia
Gangs in Australia covers outlaw motorcycle gangs (bikies), other organised crime groups, and youth gangs; roughly 5,669 known OMCG members in 39 gangs, with anti-association laws and police strategies shaping state responses.
Gangs in Canada
Gangs in Canada cover street gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs, and mafia groups; no single definition exists. About 4% of firearm-related violent crime was gang-related in 2024, and gang homicides fell to 119 in 2025.
Gangs in Chicago
Gangs in Chicago: street groups from antebellum fire-company gangs to Irish outfits like the Dukies, mid-century Blackstone Rangers, Vice Lords, Latin Kings, and Gangster Disciples, then post-1990s cliques, with policing, gang database scrutiny, and prevention programs.