9,901 articles
United States Commerce Court
The United States Commerce Court was a federal court, created in 1910 to enforce Interstate Commerce Commission orders and abolished at the end of 1913.
United States consular courts
United States consular courts were tribunals in which American ministers and consuls abroad exercised judicial authority over US citizens under treaties of extraterritoriality, from the 1840s until the mid-20th century.
United States Court for China (美国驻华法院)
The United States Court for China (美国驻华法院) was a federal court seated in Shanghai from 1906 to 1943, exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction over Americans in China under the 1844 treaty, until the January 11, 1943 Sino-American treaty abolished it.
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces is the civilian Article I court that reviews courts-martial, with five judges appointed to 15-year terms.
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, established 1893 and renamed 1948, is the federal appeals court often called the second most important court; it reviews federal agency action (FCC, FERC, EPA, NLRB) and shaped Chevron deference and the hard-look doctrine.
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, also called CAFC, is the 13th federal appeals court, the only one defined by subject-matter jurisdiction rather than geography; it covers patents, international trade, government contracts, trademarks, federal personnel, and veterans' benefits from 1982 onward.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (CA5), the federal appellate court for Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, based in New Orleans since 1891; 17 active judges, Chief Judge Jennifer Walker Elrod, split in 1981 to create the Eleventh Circuit.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit, CA9) is the largest U.S. federal appeals court: 29 judgeships, 15 districts across nine western states plus Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, established 1891, headquartered in San Francisco, using 11-judge limited en banc panels.
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, established 1891 by the Evarts Act, is the federal appellate court for Connecticut, New York, and Vermont, sitting at the Thurgood Marshall U.S. Courthouse in Manhattan with thirteen judgeships, three-judge panels, and Chief Judge Debra Ann Livingston.
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (7th Cir.): federal appellate court in Chicago covering Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; created 1891 by the Evarts Act, 11 authorized judgeships, chief judge Michael B. Brennan.
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, or Sixth Circuit, is a federal appellate court covering Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee, sitting in Cincinnati, Ohio.
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit is a federal appellate court in Denver hearing appeals from six states including Colorado, Oklahoma, and Utah.
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (CAVC): Article I federal court created in 1988, with exclusive jurisdiction to review Board of Veterans' Appeals benefits decisions; 120-day filing window, panel and single-judge practice, Federal Circuit review under 38 U.S.C. § 7292.
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (formerly Court of Customs Appeals, 1909-1929), a Washington, D.C. federal appeals court for customs, patent, and trademark cases; held an Article I court in Ex parte Bakelite (1929), declared Article III in 1958, abolished 1982 and merged into the Federal Circuit.
United States Court of Federal Claims
The United States Court of Federal Claims is an Article I federal court hearing money claims against the U.S. government, successor to the 1855 Court of Claims, with Tucker Act jurisdiction, 16 judges, vaccine and bid protest dockets, and appeals to the Federal Circuit.
United States Court of International Trade
The United States Court of International Trade (CIT, formerly the U.S. Customs Court) is an Article III federal court in New York with nine judges and exclusive nationwide jurisdiction over customs and international trade cases, including recent IEEPA and Section 122 tariff rulings.
United States courts of appeals
The United States courts of appeals, also called circuit courts, are the 13 intermediate appellate courts of the federal judiciary: 12 regional circuits plus the nationwide Federal Circuit, created by the Evarts Act of 1891, deciding over 50,000 appeals yearly.
United States Customs Service
United States Customs Service (USCS), founded July 31, 1789 in the Treasury Department, collected import duties and enforced trade laws until its 2003 transfer to DHS, becoming Customs and Border Protection.
United States defamation law
United States defamation law covers libel and slander claims under state tort law, shaped by New York Times v. Sullivan's actual-malice standard for public officials and figures, Gertz rules for private plaintiffs, and state anti-SLAPP statutes.
United States Department of Justice
United States Department of Justice (DOJ), federal executive department headed by the Attorney General; established June 22, 1870, successor to the 1789 Office of the Attorney General; over 115,000 employees, 94 U.S. Attorney offices, FY 2027 budget request $40.8 billion.
United States Department of Justice grand conspiracy investigation
The DOJ "grand conspiracy" investigation is a Justice Department criminal probe seeking to prove officials conspired to undermine Trump from 2016 through his 2023 indictments; over 130 subpoenas, grand jury in Fort Pierce, Florida, targets including John Brennan and James Comey, no charges after lead prosecutor diGenova resigned.
United States Disciplinary Barracks
United States Disciplinary Barracks (USDB), at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is the Department of Defense's only maximum-security military prison, housing male court-martialed service members; operating since 1875 and renamed from the United States Military Prison in 1915.
United States district court
United States district courts are the 94 trial courts of the federal judiciary, created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, with 677 Article III judges; they hear nearly all federal civil and criminal cases before appeals to circuit courts.
United States District Court for the Canal Zone
United States District Court for the Canal Zone, also District Court for the District of the Canal Zone: federal trial court for the Panama Canal Zone, created by 1912 legislation, one judgeship from 1934, closed March 31, 1982 after the 1977 treaties.
United States District Court for the Central District of California
The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, created in 1966, is the federal trial court for Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, with three divisions and courthouses in Los Angeles, Santa Ana, and Riverside.
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia is the federal trial court for Washington, D.C. It descends from 1801–1802 district courts, was consolidated in the 1863 Supreme Court of D.C., renamed in 1936, and lost local jurisdiction to the Superior Court in 1973.
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (E.D. Pa.), established April 20, 1818, is the federal trial court for nine eastern Pennsylvania counties, seated in Philadelphia with courthouses in Allentown, Reading, and Easton, 22 authorized judgeships, and Chief Judge Wendy Beetlestone.
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (EDVA), created in 1871, is the federal trial court with four divisions in Alexandria, Richmond, Norfolk, and Newport News. Known as the Rocket Docket for its fast civil docket, averaging six months to disposition in 2021, it handles notable espionage, terrorism, and national litigation.
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
The United States District Court for the Northern District of California, also known as N.D. Cal., is a federal trial court established in 1850 that handles major technology litigation.
United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, also called N.D. Ill., is the federal trial court for northern Illinois, created in 1855, seated at the Dirksen Courthouse in Chicago and Roszkowski Courthouse in Rockford, with 22 judgeships in the Seventh Circuit.