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United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (SDFL) is the federal trial court for southern Florida, created in 1847, sitting in Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Pierce, Key West, and West Palm Beach with 18 judgeships.
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (SDNY), the federal trial court for Manhattan, the Bronx, and six nearby counties; first court to sit under the U.S. Constitution (1789), created as a separate district in 1814, with courthouses in Manhattan, White Plains, and Poughkeepsie.
United States district court judge lists by district
United States district court judge lists by district are chronological rosters of judges who served on each named U.S. district court, compiled chiefly from the Federal Judicial Center's directory.
United States district court seat succession chronologies
United States district court seat succession chronologies are Federal Judicial Center charts recording who has held each authorized district court judgeship, with seats persisting through many occupants and vacancies.
United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), federal civil rights agency enforcing workplace anti-discrimination laws including Title VII, ADA, ADEA, and GINA. Established under the 1964 Civil Rights Act, opened July 2, 1965, headquartered in Washington, D.C., with 53 field offices.
United States federal judge
United States federal judges, chiefly Article III Supreme Court, circuit, and district judges, are presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed officers with life tenure under the Judiciary Act of 1789 framework; Article I judges serve terms.
United States federal probation and supervised release
Federal probation and supervised release are U.S. post-conviction community supervision sentences under 18 U.S.C. §§ 3563 and 3583: probation as an alternative to prison, supervised release after imprisonment, with conditions, revocation caps, and one-year early termination eligibility.
United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines
United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines, issued by the U.S. Sentencing Commission under the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act, prescribe federal sentence ranges; mandatory from 1987, advisory since Booker (2005).
United States Federal Witness Protection Program
The U.S. federal Witness Security Program (WitSec, WSP), run by the U.S. Marshals Service since 1971, gives new identities and relocation to threatened witnesses against organized crime; about 19,250 participants protected.
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, or FISA Court, is a Washington, D.C. court created in 1978 to review government foreign intelligence surveillance applications.
United States free speech exceptions
United States free speech exceptions are Supreme Court-recognized categories outside First Amendment protection: obscenity, defamation, fraud, incitement, fighting words, true threats, speech integral to criminal conduct, and child sexual abuse material, plus less-protected commercial speech.
United States incarceration rate
The United States Incarceration Rate, defined by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), counts residents held in local, state, or federal facilities per 100,000 U.S. residents.
United States labor law
United States labor law: federal and state rules governing workers, unions, and employers. Centered on the 1935 NLRA (Wagner Act, creating the NLRB) and 1938 FLSA (minimum wage, 40-hour week), plus OSHA, Title VII, and WARN Act.
United States magistrate judge
United States magistrate judge: federal judicial officer of U.S. district courts, created 1968, renamed 1990. Appointed by district judges to renewable 8-year terms; handles pretrial matters, misdemeanors, and consent civil trials; not an Article III judge.
United States nationality law
United States nationality law governs who acquires U.S. citizenship at birth (jus soli under the 14th Amendment, jus sanguinis under INA 301), naturalization, dual nationality, and loss of nationality under INA 349.
United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps
United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps (Navy JAG Corps): the Navy's uniformed legal corps of over 1,000 judge advocates, tracing to the 1865 Solicitor and Naval Judge Advocate General Act, serving Navy and Marine Corps commands worldwide.
United States Patent and Trademark Office
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is the Commerce Department agency that grants U.S. patents and registers trademarks, with over 13,000 employees, headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia, and a history dating to the 1790 patent statute.
United States Penitentiary, Coleman
United States Penitentiary, Coleman (USP Coleman I and II) are high-security federal prisons in Sumterville, Florida, part of FCC Coleman, which also includes FCI Coleman Low and Medium; about 5,810 inmates across four institutions.
United States Penitentiary, Florence High
The United States Penitentiary, Florence High (USP Florence High) is a high-security federal prison for men in Florence, Colorado, activated in November 1994 beside the ADX supermax.
United States Penitentiary, Hazelton
USP Hazelton (United States Penitentiary Hazelton) is a high-security federal prison for men in Bruceton Mills, West Virginia, part of FCC Hazelton; known for the Challenge Program, repeated CIC inspections, the 2018 stabbing homicides and Bulger transfer.
United States Penitentiary, Lee
The United States Penitentiary, Lee is a high-security federal prison for men in Pennington Gap, Virginia, opened around 2001 and operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
United States Penitentiary, Marion
USP Marion, a Federal Bureau of Prisons penitentiary in Williamson County, Illinois, opened 1963; the only level-six federal prison from 1978 and the first federal supermax after 1983, now medium security with SOMP and a CMU.
United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute
USP Terre Haute is a high-security federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, opened in 1940 as the first wall-less federal penitentiary; it houses federal death row in its Special Confinement Unit and is the site of all federal executions since 2001.
United States Penitentiary, Tucson
USP Tucson is a high-security federal penitentiary for male inmates in Tucson, Arizona, activated in 2006, part of FCC Tucson with FCI Tucson and a satellite camp; overseen via DOJ OIG, CIC, and PREA audits.
United States presidential line of succession
United States presidential line of succession: the legal order, set by the Constitution, the 25th Amendment, and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, by which the vice president, Speaker, president pro tempore, and 15 cabinet officers assume presidential duties.
United States Reports
United States Reports, abbreviated U.S., is the official bound series publishing the Supreme Court of the United States' decisions, with citations like 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
United States Supreme Court Building
The United States Supreme Court Building, also known as One First Street, is the neoclassical home of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., occupied since 1935.
United States Supreme Court cases, U.S. Reports volumes 100–199
U.S. Reports volumes 100–199 are consecutive bound volumes of the official reporter of United States Supreme Court decisions, spanning the October 1879 Term through October Term 1904.
United States Supreme Court cases, U.S. Reports volumes 400–499
United States Supreme Court cases in U.S. Reports volumes 400–499 collect decisions from the October 1970 Term onward, cited by volume number, "U.S.", and first page.
United States Tax Court
The United States Tax Court, originally the Board of Tax Appeals (1924), is an Article I federal trial court in Washington, D.C. where taxpayers dispute IRS determinations, notably tax deficiencies, without prepaying the disputed tax.