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Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (Tribunal canadien des droits de la personne): independent federal administrative tribunal deciding discrimination complaints under the Canadian Human Rights Act, established in its current form by 1998 amendments, with added Pay Equity Act and Accessible Canada Act mandates.
Canadian International Trade Tribunal
Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT, Tribunal canadien du commerce extérieur): independent quasi-judicial body handling Canadian trade remedy injury inquiries, federal procurement complaints, and customs and excise appeals; established December 31, 1988.
Canadian nationality law
Canadian nationality law, governed by the Citizenship Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-29), defines acquisition of Canadian citizenship by birth in Canada, descent, and naturalization; first-generation descent limit struck down 2023, removed by Bill C-3 in force December 15, 2025.
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC, Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes): Canada's independent quasi-judicial regulator of broadcasting and telecommunications, founded 1968, renamed 1976, administering the Broadcasting Act, Telecommunications Act, Online Streaming Act, and Online News Act.
Canadian tort law
Canadian tort law: private-law compensation for civil wrongs. Common law torts (negligence dominant) in the provinces, extra-contractual liability under the Civil Code of Quebec in Quebec; bijural federal drafting, apportionment, SCC developments.
Canal de Craponne
Canal de Craponne: French Cour de cassation case of 6 March 1876 (Commune de Pélissanne v marquis de Galliffet) rejecting judicial revision of contracts for imprévision, upholding a 3-sol sixteenth-century watering fee, governing French civil contracts until Article 1195 of the Civil Code in 2016.
Candace Newmaker
Candace Newmaker (born Candace Tiara Elmore, 1989) was a 10-year-old American girl who died of asphyxiation on April 18, 2000, during a rebirthing attachment-therapy session in Evergreen, Colorado; her death led to therapist convictions and to rebirthing bans in Colorado and North Carolina.
Candace R. Jackson-Akiwumi
Candace R. Jackson-Akiwumi, born 1979, is an American jurist serving as a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit since 2021.
Candy Montgomery
Candy Montgomery, Candace Lynn Wheeler, is an American woman who killed her friend Betty Gore with an axe in Wylie, Texas, in June 1980, before being acquitted.
Caning
Caning is corporal punishment using a rattan cane on the hands, back, or buttocks in school and judicial settings. Derived from British colonial practice, it persists in Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, and Aceh, Indonesia, while WHO evidence links corporal punishment to child harm.
Caning in Singapore
Judicial corporal punishment with a rattan cane for male offenders in Singapore, governed by the Criminal Procedure Code 2010; mandatory for about 30 offenses, capped at 24 strokes, exempting women and men over 50, expanded to scams in 2025.
Caning of Michael Fay
Caning of Michael Fay: 1994 judicial caning in Singapore of 18-year-old American Michael Peter Fay for spray-painting cars, sentenced to six strokes under the Vandalism Act 1966, reduced to four after Clinton's clemency appeal, causing a US-Singapore diplomatic rift.
Cannabis in Australia
Cannabis in Australia: the most consumed illicit drug, illegal to sell everywhere, medically legal since 2016, decriminalised in South Australia in 1987, and personal possession of up to 50 g permitted in the ACT.
Cannabis in Canada
Marijuana in Canada is legal for adult non-medical use under the Cannabis Act, which took effect on 17 October 2018, making Canada the first major industrialized nation to legalize cannabis.
Cannabis in India
Cannabis in India (ganja, charas, bhang): a plant long used ritually and medicinally, banned for cultivation, production, and consumption under the NDPS Act 1985, with bhang excluded and licensed industrial cultivation permitted under Section 14.
Cannabis in Italy
Cannabis in Italy is governed by narcotics law d.P.R. 309/1990: personal possession is an administrative offense, sale and cultivation are criminal, and Law 242/2016 permits industrial hemp.
Cannabis in Mexico
Cannabis in Mexico: introduced by the Spanish in the 16th century, outlawed in 1920, briefly regulated in 1940 under Cárdenas; medical use legalized 2017; Supreme Court struck the recreational ban in 2021, yet no legal sales market exists.
Cannabis in Spain
Cannabis in Spain: personal use decriminalized by Supreme Court rulings since 1974; cannabis social clubs (2001 onward); major EU seizure and cultivation hub; medical cannabis framework Real Decreto 903/2025.
Cannabis in Thailand
Cannabis in Thailand (กัญชา): decriminalized 9 June 2022 under Anutin Charnvirakul's Bhumjaithai policy, first in Asia; 18,433 dispensaries followed; from June 2025 sales are prescription-only medical use.
Cannabis in the United Kingdom
Cannabis in the United Kingdom: a Class B controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, illegal recreationally, but prescribable as cannabis-based medicinal products by specialist doctors since November 2018.
Cannabis in the United States
Cannabis (marijuana) in the United States: federally a Schedule I controlled substance under the 1970 CSA, but medical use legal in 40 states and recreational use in 24; medical cannabis moved to Schedule III in April 2026.
Cannon (TV series)
Cannon is a CBS crime drama (1971–1976) starring William Conrad as Frank Cannon, a Los Angeles ex-cop turned private investigator; a Quinn Martin production of 120 episodes that spawned Barnaby Jones and a 1980 revival film.
Canon law
Canon law (jus canonicum) is the Catholic Church's own legal system, from Gratian's Decretum (c. 1140) and the Corpus iuris canonici to the 1983 Code, its penal-law revision of 2021, and ongoing synodal amendments.
Capacity (law)
Capacity (law): the legal ability to enter binding contracts, requiring minimum age and sound mind. Related to incapacity doctrine (void or voidable contracts), minors, mental incapacity, and conflict-of-laws connecting factors.
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2, House of Lords negligence case establishing foreseeability, proximity and fair-just-reasonable elements for duty of care; auditors owed no duty to investors; universal test rejected by Robinson 2018.
Cape Verde–Mauritania Maritime Boundary Treaty
The Cape Verde–Mauritania Maritime Boundary Treaty, signed at Praia on 19 September 2003, divides the two countries' exclusive economic zones and continental shelves along a median line.
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868 (2009), a 5-4 Supreme Court due process case: Justice Brent Benjamin had to recuse from a $50 million appeal after Massey CEO Don Blankenship spent $3 million on his election.
Capital gains tax in the United States
United States federal capital gains tax: tax on profit from selling capital assets. Long-term gains (held over one year) taxed at 0%, 15%, or 20%; short-term gains at ordinary income rates; $3,000 loss limit; 3.8% NIIT.
Capital murder
Capital murder: murder made death-eligible by statute in 27 US states and under federal law, defined via aggravating circumstances, tried in bifurcated guilt and sentencing phases under Furman-Gregg-Ring doctrine.
Capital punishment
Capital punishment (death penalty): state execution of a person as punishment for a crime. 113 countries fully abolitionist by 2025; recorded executions rose to 2,707 in 17 countries in 2025, led by Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China.