9,901 articles
Capital punishment by country
Capital punishment by country: legal status and use of the death penalty worldwide. 113 countries fully abolitionist by end 2025; 2,707 executions recorded in 2025, mostly Iran and Saudi Arabia; China data secret.
Capital punishment by the United States federal government
Capital punishment by the United States federal government is the execution of death sentences for federal crimes. It saw 13 executions in 2020 and 2021, and is being restored under the Trump administration starting in 2025.
Capital punishment by the United States military
Capital punishment by the United States military: death sentences under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. 15 capital offenses, presidential approval required, death row at Fort Leavenworth; last execution 1961 (John Bennett); Nidal Hasan's firing-squad execution pending.
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States, the execution of offenders under 18 at the time of the crime, was barred by Roper v. Simmons (2005) under the Eighth Amendment, after Thompson, Stanford, and international treaty criticism.
Capital punishment in California
Capital punishment in California: legal penalty under the 1978 Proposition 7 statute; only 13 executions since 1978, last in 2006, under Governor Newsom's 2019 moratorium; largest US death row; documented racial disparities.
Capital punishment in Canada
Capital punishment in Canada: legal history from 230 British-era capital offences to abolition. Last executions 1962 (Turpin, Lucas, Don Jail); Bill C-84 abolished civilian death penalty 1976 by 130–124; military 1998.
Capital punishment in China
Capital punishment in China: legal death penalty for extremely serious crimes; thousands executed yearly per Amnesty estimates, figures a state secret; Supreme People's Court review since 2007; two-tier sentence with two-year reprieve.
Capital punishment in Europe
Capital punishment in Europe: Belarus is the only European country that retains and carries out the death penalty; all EU and Council of Europe states abolished it under ECHR Protocols 6 and 13, with no 2025 executions recorded.
Capital punishment in Florida
Capital punishment in Florida: lethal injection or electrocution at Florida State Prison. First state to reinstate after Furman (1972); 8-of-12 jury threshold, record 19 executions in 2025 under DeSantis, 30 death-row exonerations, no clemency since 1983.
Capital punishment in France
Capital punishment in France, ended by the loi Badinter (Law 81-908) of 9 October 1981 under Robert Badinter and Mitterrand; constitutionally banned since 2007 (article 66-1), with France campaigning for universal abolition.
Capital punishment in India
Capital punishment in India: legal death penalty under the IPC/BNS and 17+ other statutes, restricted by the Bachan Singh 'rarest of rare' doctrine; hanging is the sole method; 1,279 death sentences 2016–2025, 564 on death row end-2024, last executions March 2020.
Capital punishment in Iran
Capital punishment in Iran is applied by hanging under the Islamic Penal Code's hudud, qesas (retribution), and ta'zir categories, covering murder, drug offenses, apostasy, adultery, and security charges; at least 2,159 executions were recorded in 2025.
Capital punishment in Japan
Capital punishment in Japan (死刑) is a legal penalty for murder, executed by hanging in secrecy with same-morning notice. Japan and the US are the only G7 retentionists; 718 postwar executions; Hakamada's 2024 acquittal fueled abolition calls.
Capital punishment in Pennsylvania
Capital punishment in Pennsylvania: death penalty for first-degree murder, still law but under a governor's moratorium since 2015; 103 on death row, 3 executions since 1976, 13 exonerations.
Capital punishment in Singapore
Capital punishment in Singapore: mandatory hanging for murder and drug trafficking above thresholds (15 g heroin, 500 g cannabis), with 2012 courier discretion, rising executions (17 in 2025, 19 in 2026), and dismissed constitutional challenges.
Capital punishment in Texas
Capital punishment in Texas: the state's death penalty system, from colonial-era hangings through the electric chair and lethal injection. Texas leads the U.S. in modern executions, peaking at 40 in 2000, then declining after the 2005 life-without-parole law.
Capital punishment in the Philippines
Capital punishment in the Philippines, abolished by Republic Act 9346 on June 24, 2006, was restored 1993 to 2006 under RA 7659; the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR was ratified in 2007, and revival bills remain pending.
Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
Capital punishment in the UK was abolished for murder by the 1965 Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act, made permanent in 1969, and fully abolished for all remaining crimes in 1998; the government now opposes the death penalty in all circumstances.
Capital punishment in the United States
Capital punishment in the United States, also called the death penalty, is legal in 27 states, the federal government, and the military, with executions resumed since 1977.
Capitulation (treaty)
Capitulation (treaty): a treaty or grant, chiefly by Ottoman sultans and Iranian shahs from 1535 onward, conferring extraterritorial consular jurisdiction on foreigners; distinct from surrender capitulations, abolished 1899-1943 (Lausanne, Montreux).
Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia
Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia (kapitulatsioonid 1710): 1710 surrender agreements by which Swedish Estonia and Livonia, cities Riga, Pärnu, Tallinn and the Ritterschaften, joined the Russian Empire in the Great Northern War, with privileges confirmed until Alexander III.
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire (ahdname): treaties and unilateral sultanic concessions granting European merchants tax, trade, and consular-jurisdiction privileges, traditionally dated to 1536, renewed 1740, abolished 1914.
Capo dei capi
Capo dei capi ("boss of bosses") is an informal Mafia title for the supreme leader, used for Riina and Provenzano in Sicily and held by Morello through Maranzano in the American Mafia until 1931.
Capture of El Mayo
Capture of El Mayo: July 25, 2024 U.S. arrest of Sinaloa Cartel co-founder Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada García and Joaquín Guzmán López, delivered by abduction from Sinaloa; Zambada received a life sentence in 2026.
Carding (fraud)
Carding is payment card fraud: stealing or buying card data and using it for unauthorized purchases, via card-testing bots, carding forums, and dark web marketplaces; covers US federal offenses from access device fraud to wire fraud.
Caribbean Court of Justice
The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, is the final court of appeal for five Caribbean states, inaugurated in 2005.
Caril Ann Fugate
Caril Ann Fugate, later Caril Ann Clair, was the 14-year-old companion of Charles Starkweather convicted of first degree murder in the 1958 Nebraska-Wyoming killing spree, sentenced to life, paroled in 1976 after claiming hostage status.
Carl E. Douglas
Carl E. Douglas (Carl Edwin Douglas, born 1955) is a Los Angeles trial lawyer, O.J. Simpson Dream Team defense attorney, and founding partner of Douglas/Hicks Law, known for police misconduct cases and the $4.9 billion GM verdict.
Carl E. Stewart
Carl E. Stewart, born in 1950, is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994.
Carl Eugene Watts
Carl "Coral" Eugene Watts (1953-2007), the "Sunday Morning Slasher," an American serial killer who attacked women in Texas, Michigan, and Ontario; received 1982 Texas immunity for confessed killings, was later convicted of two Michigan murders, and died of prostate cancer in custody.