9,901 articles
Competence to stand trial
Competence to stand trial is the requirement that a defendant be able to understand the proceedings and assist counsel, set by Dusky v. United States (1960).
Competency to be executed
Competency to be executed is the Eighth Amendment requirement that a death-sentenced prisoner rationally understand the punishment and its reason, established by Ford v. Wainwright, refined by Panetti v. Quarterman and Madison v. Alabama, and implemented through varying state statutes and forensic evaluations.
Competition Act
Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34), Canada's federal competition statute, enacted 1986 replacing the Combines Investigation Act; enforced by the Competition Bureau, adjudicated by the Competition Tribunal, with private access and 2022-2024 amendments.
Competition Commission of India (भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग)
Competition Commission of India (भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग, CCI): India's statutory antitrust regulator, established March 2009 under the Competition Act, 2002; enforces antitrust and merger control, chaired by Ravneet Kaur, with NCLAT as appellate authority.
Competition law
Competition law, known as antitrust law in the United States, is the body of law prohibiting agreements and conduct that restrict competition and controlling mergers.
Competition Tribunal
The Competition Tribunal is Canada's specialist adjudicative tribunal for civil competition matters, created in 1986 under the Competition Tribunal Act to hear merger, abuse of dominance, and deceptive marketing cases.
Complaint
Complaint: the initiating pleading in a civil action, also called a declaration at common law; states jurisdiction, cause of action, and relief sought under FRCP 8, subject to Twombly-Iqbal plausibility and Rule 11.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
CTBTO (Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization) is the Vienna-based interim body building the CTBT verification regime: 321-station IMS, IDC in Vienna, on-site inspections pending entry into force; 188 signatories, 179 ratifiers.
CompStat
CompStat is a data-driven police performance-management system introduced in the NYPD in 1994 under William Bratton, combining regular crime-statistics meetings with commander accountability; it spread widely but crime-reduction evidence is limited.
Côn Sơn Island
Côn Sơn Island (Đảo Côn Sơn, Poulo Condore), largest and only inhabited island of Vietnam's 16-island Côn Đảo archipelago, 230 km south of Ho Chi Minh City; French-run prison 1862–1975 with about 20,000 deaths, now a memorial and national park site.
Concealed carry in the United States
Concealed carry in the United States: state-regulated carrying of hidden firearms, now 29 permitless-carry states and 21 shall-issue states plus DC after the 2022 Bruen decision, with over 21.8 million permit holders in 2023.
Conciergerie
The Conciergerie, on Paris's Île de la Cité, is the surviving lower part of the Palais de la Cité, first royal residence of the kings of France, later a Revolutionary Tribunal prison where Marie-Antoinette was held before execution.
Concurrence (criminal law)
Concurrence in criminal law is the doctrine that a defendant's guilty mind (mens rea) and guilty act (actus reus) must overlap in time for liability to arise.
Concurrent estate
Concurrent estate: shared property ownership by two or more people, in forms including tenancy in common, joint tenancy (with right of survivorship and four unities), and tenancy by the entirety.
Concurrent List
The Concurrent List is List III of India's Seventh Schedule: subjects such as criminal law, education, and forests on which both Parliament and State Legislatures may legislate, with Union law prevailing on repugnancy under Article 254.
Condominium
A condominium is a form of property ownership giving individual title to a unit plus an undivided share of common elements, run by a unit owners' association; also called strata title or commonhold. First enacted in US law in Puerto Rico in 1958; distinct from housing cooperatives.
Confederation
Confederation: a union of sovereign states, such as the early United States under the Articles of Confederation or the European Union, whose weak central body acts only with member consent, unlike a federation.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality: the legal and contractual obligation not to divulge protected information to third parties. Covers confidentiality clauses, NDAs, standard exceptions, enforceability limits, arbitration, and post-#MeToo reform such as the UK Employment Rights Act 2025.
Conflict of contract laws
Conflict of contract laws, or contractual choice of law, decides which jurisdiction's law governs a multi-jurisdiction contract. Key rules: Restatement (Second) §187, UCC reasonable-relation test, party autonomy limits, and choice of law clauses.
Conflict of divorce laws
Conflict of divorce laws governs which court grants a divorce, which law applies, and recognition of foreign decrees. Also called private international family law; the US applies forum law via domicile-based jurisdiction, while the EU's Rome III uses party choice of law.
Conflict of laws
Conflict of laws, or private international law, determines which jurisdiction's law applies, which court hears a case, and whether foreign judgments are recognized. Key instruments include the Hague Conference conventions and the EU's Rome I and Rome II regulations.
Conflict of laws in marital agreements
Conflict of laws in marital agreements is the private international law field deciding which State's law governs a prenuptial agreement and whether foreign courts enforce it.
Conflict of marriage laws
Conflict of marriage laws is the private international law field governing which law decides a marriage's validity and recognition across borders, using lex loci celebrationis, domicile for capacity, and the public policy exception, notably in same-sex marriage cases.
Conflict with jus cogens
Conflict with jus cogens voids a treaty under Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention, and a new peremptory norm terminates an existing treaty under Article 64.
Confrontation Clause
Confrontation Clause: the Sixth Amendment guarantee that a criminal defendant may confront witnesses against him. Also covers testimonial hearsay under Crawford v. Washington (2004), which overruled Ohio v. Roberts and requires unavailability plus prior cross-examination.
Congress of Arras
Congress of Arras (1435): peace congress at Arras ending the Armagnac-Burgundian civil war; Treaty of Arras (21 September 1435) drew Philip the Good from England to Charles VII, ceding Mâcon, Auxerre, and Somme towns.
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (June 13–July 13, 1878), with Bismarck as 'honest broker,' gathered the six great powers and the Ottoman Empire to revise the Treaty of San Stefano, producing the Treaty of Berlin that reshaped the Balkans.
Congress of Westphalia
The Congress of Westphalia was the peace congress held at Münster and Osnabrück from 1643 to 1648 that negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War.
Conjugal visit
Conjugal visit, also called family visit, private visit, or intimate unsupervised visit: private unobserved prison time with a spouse or partner. Offered in seven US states, the Philippines, and Victoria, Australia, with recidivism evidence.
Connections of Jeffrey Epstein
Connections of Jeffrey Epstein: the financier and sex offender's web of ties to Leslie Wexner, Donald Trump, Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Steve Bannon, Ehud Barak and others, documented in court records, emails, and DOJ releases, with the key caveat that association is not evidence of wrongdoing.