9,901 articles
Constitution of France
The Constitution of France, also called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, is France's supreme law, adopted by referendum and promulgated on 4 October 1958.
Constitution of India (भारत का संविधान)
Constitution of India (भारत का संविधान), supreme law of the Republic, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950; 395 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules; basic structure doctrine limits amendment.
Constitution of Iran
Constitution of Iran (قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران): supreme law adopted 1979, amended 1989, combining republican institutions with velayat-e faqih, a Guardian Council veto over legislation, and unalterable Islamic principles under Article 177.
Constitution of Ireland
The Constitution of Ireland, Bunreacht na hÉireann, is the fundamental law of Ireland, adopted by plebiscite in 1937 and amendable only by referendum of the people.
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir: state constitution adopted 17 November 1956, effective 26 January 1957, declaring J&K integral to India; distinctive Sadar-i-Riyasat and permanent-resident provisions; rendered inoperative by the 2019 abrogation of Article 370.
Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法)
Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法, Nihonkoku Kenpō): fundamental law promulgated November 3, 1946, effective May 3, 1947, drafted under US occupation; Article 9 renounces war; never amended, reshaped by interpretation.
Constitution of Kazakhstan
Constitution of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Конституциясы), the supreme law of Kazakhstan. Current text adopted by referendum March 15, 2026, in force July 1, 2026, replacing the 1995 Constitution; creates unicameral parliament, vice presidency, and People's Council.
Constitution of Latvia
The Satversme, the constitution of Latvia, was adopted on 15 February 1922 and restored after regaining independence in 1990, making it one of Europe's oldest constitutions.
Constitution of Malaysia
The Federal Constitution of Malaysia (Perlembagaan Persekutuan), in force 31 August 1957 and 16 September 1963, is the supreme law of Malaysia: a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a rotating Agong, fundamental liberties, and extensive amendment history.
Constitution of Mexico
Constitution of Mexico (Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos): supreme law promulgated 5 February 1917, reforming the 1857 charter; first constitution with social rights (Articles 3, 27, 123); amended 841 times by 2025; 2024 reforms elect judges and shield amendments from courts.
Constitution of Namibia
The Constitution of Namibia is the supreme law of Namibia, adopted on 9 February 1990 by an elected Constituent Assembly and effective on independence, 21 March 1990.
Constitution of Nepal (नेपालको संविधान)
Constitution of Nepal (नेपालको संविधान), the 2015 fundamental law promulgated 20 September 2015 by President Ram Baran Yadav, establishing a secular federal democratic republic with three government tiers and Article 274 amendment rules.
Constitution of Nigeria
Constitution of Nigeria: the 1999 Constitution, supreme law promulgated by Decree No. 24 of 1999, establishing a federal presidential republic with exclusive, concurrent, and residual legislative lists and strict two-thirds amendment rules.
Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان)
Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان), the 1973 supreme law of Pakistan: federal parliamentary system, 12 Parts, 280–303 articles, fundamental rights (Articles 8–28), Islamic provisions, 27 amendments through 2025.
Constitution of Pakistan of 1956
Constitution of Pakistan of 1956, the country's first constitution, adopted 29 February 1956 and enforced 23 March 1956, making Pakistan an Islamic Republic with a parliamentary, unicameral federal system; abrogated 7 October 1958 by Iskander Mirza, ushering in martial law under Ayub Khan.
Constitution of Poland
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is Poland's supreme law, adopted on 2 April 1997, approved by referendum, and in force since 17 October 1997.
Constitution of Russia
Constitution of the Russian Federation (Конституция Российской Федерации), supreme law adopted 12 December 1993 after the October crisis; democratic federal state with a strong presidency; 2020 amendments reset terms, allowing Putin rule until 2036.
Constitution of South Africa
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996): supreme law of South Africa, in force 4 February 1997, replacing the 1993 interim constitution; includes the Chapter 2 Bill of Rights and was certified by the Constitutional Court after a first refusal in September 1996.
Constitution of South Korea
The Constitution of South Korea (대한민국 헌법) is the supreme law of the Republic of Korea, first promulgated in 1948 and last amended in 1988.
Constitution of the Philippines
Constitution of the Philippines: the 1987 Constitution (Saligang Batas), supreme law drafted by the 1986 Constitutional Commission, ratified February 1987, restoring the presidential system with a bicameral Congress, a single six-year presidential term, and three amendment routes under Article XVII.
Constitution of the United Kingdom
The uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom: rules of government drawn from statutes, common law, conventions, treaties and judicial decisions rather than one document, resting on parliamentary sovereignty and shared with Israel and New Zealand.
Constitution of the United States
Constitution of the United States: supreme law drafted at the 1787 Philadelphia convention, signed September 17, 1787, ratified by nine states by June 21, 1788; preamble and seven articles, 27 amendments including the Bill of Rights.
Constitution of Tonga
The Constitution of Tonga (Konisitutone ʻo Tonga) is Tonga's written supreme law, granted by King George Tupou I on 4 November 1875 and still in force today.
Constitution of Uzbekistan
The Constitution of Uzbekistan is the supreme law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, first adopted on 8 December 1992 and rewritten in a new edition approved by referendum in 2023.
Constitutional amendment
Constitutional amendment: formal change to a constitution's text through its own prescribed procedure. Also called constitutional revision; relates to constitutional rigidity, entrenchment, eternity clauses, and unconstitutional constitutional amendments.
Constitutional carry
Constitutional carry, or permitless carry, lets eligible adults carry handguns without a permit, fee, or training. Vermont never required permits; Alaska began the modern wave in 2003; 29 states had it by 2026.
Constitutional Court of South Africa
The Constitutional Court of South Africa, established 1994 under the interim Constitution, is the country's highest court on constitutional matters, with 11 judges at Constitution Hill, Johannesburg, and landmark rulings including abolishing the death penalty.
Constitutional Court of Thailand
The Constitutional Court of Thailand (ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ) is an independent court ruling on the constitutionality of laws and officials. Created by the 1997 Constitution, it was replaced after the 2006 coup and reinstated in 2007.
Constitutional crisis
Constitutional crisis: a breakdown in which a constitution cannot resolve a dispute essential to government, per Levinson-Balkin's three types and Versteeg-Zackin's crises of authority; distinguished from ordinary political conflict and overused crisis rhetoric.
Constitutional law
Constitutional law: the interpretation and application of constitutions, centered on judicial review, separation of powers, amendment rules, and comparative models from strong-form US review to weak-form and specialized constitutional courts.