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Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)
The Constitutional Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Konstytucyjny, TK) is Poland's constitutional court, created in 1985 and seated in Warsaw. It strikes down unconstitutional laws and hears individual complaints.
Constitutional versus legislative courts doctrine
Constitutional versus legislative courts doctrine: US constitutional law distinction from American Insurance Co. v. Canter (1828) separating Article III courts with protected judges from Article I legislative courts such as territorial, military, and bankruptcy tribunals.
Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism is the principle that government power should be legally limited, resting on rule of law, limited government, and individual rights. Rooted in Magna Carta and Locke, it requires entrenchment, judicial review, and actual compliance, and admits authoritarian as well as democratic varieties.
Constitutive Act of the African Union
The Constitutive Act of the African Union is the founding treaty of the AU, adopted at Lomé, Togo on 11 July 2000, in force 26 May 2001, replacing the OAU Charter; Article 4(h) permits intervention for genocide and war crimes.
Constructive dismissal
Constructive dismissal: an employee's resignation treated in law as a dismissal because of the employer's serious breach of contract. Also called constructive unfair dismissal (UK) or forced resignation (Australia); tested by repudiatory breach, causation, and non-affirmation.
Constructive trust
Constructive trust: an equitable remedy and legal fiction reversing unjust enrichment, ordering a party to transfer property it cannot equitably keep. Institutional (automatic, English law) versus remedial (discretionary, Canadian) forms; FHR extended it to bribes.
Consuelo B. Marshall
Consuelo Bland Marshall, born 1936, is a senior United States district judge for the Central District of California, appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980.
Consuelo M. Callahan
Consuelo M. Callahan, born 1950, is an American jurist serving as a judge of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals since 2003, appointed by President George W. Bush.
Consular immunity
Consular immunity: privileges and immunities of consular posts under the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, giving functional, official-acts-only immunity, unlike full diplomatic immunity.
Consulates in extraterritorial jurisdictions
Consulates in extraterritorial jurisdictions, chiefly under the Ottoman capitulations (ahdnames), were consulates judging their own nationals abroad; first French grant 1535, culminating in the 1740 French capitulations, abolished in the twentieth century.
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB): US federal agency created by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, conceived by Elizabeth Warren. Enforces 18 consumer financial laws, handles complaints, funded by the Federal Reserve; its director is removable at will after Seila Law (2020).
Consumer protection
Consumer protection: laws, regulation, and institutions ensuring fair treatment, accurate information, product safety, and redress for buyers. Covers ancient origins, the 20th-century consumer movement, the EU's five consumer rights, India's 2019 Act, US agencies, and OECD financial consumer protection standards.
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (Act 68 of 1986) was India's law creating consumer councils and three-tier District Forum, State Commission and National Commission redressal; amended in 1991, 1993 and 2002; repealed by the 2019 Act from 20 July 2020.
Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम, 2019)
Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम, 2019) is India's consumer law replacing the 1986 Act; enacted 9 August 2019, it created the CCPA, added product liability and e-commerce coverage, revised commission jurisdiction, and enabled mediation.
Consumer Reports
Consumer Reports (CR), founded 1936 as Consumers Union, is a Yonkers, New York nonprofit that tests products at retail, accepts no ads, and publishes ratings and advocacy on safety, privacy, and financial fairness.
Consummation
Consummation, in law, the completion of a thing; in marriage, the first act of sexual intercourse after the ceremony. Consent, not intercourse, makes a marriage; non-consummation can ground annulment in many jurisdictions.
Contempt of court
Contempt of court is the legal doctrine punishing conduct that interferes with justice or defies court orders, in criminal and civil forms; England and Wales caps criminal contempt at two years' imprisonment and a £2,500 fine.
Contract
Contract (law): a legally enforceable agreement creating mutual obligations. Key names: assumpsit, stipulatio, pacta sunt servanda, UNIDROIT Principles. Defined by offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, legality; developed from Roman and English common law roots.
Contract killing
Contract killing, also called murder for hire or Auftragsmord, is a murder committed under a paid contract; descriptive term, not a distinct offence, with documented prices, hit rates, and organized-crime roles.
Contributory negligence
Contributory negligence is the common law tort rule barring any plaintiff recovery when the plaintiff's own negligence contributed at all to the injury, now retained only in Alabama, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., with comparative negligence elsewhere.
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA), S.C. 1996, c. 19, is Canada's federal drug control statute, in force since May 1997, replacing the Narcotic Control Act and Food and Drugs Act parts, with scheduled substances, penalties up to life imprisonment, and Minister of Health exemptions including section 56.1 supervised consumption sites.
Controlled substance
Controlled substance: a drug or precursor chemical regulated under the US Controlled Substances Act's five schedules or the 1961, 1971, and 1988 UN drug conventions, based on medical use and abuse potential.
Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the 1970 U.S. federal statute, Title II of Pub. L. 91-513, codified at 21 U.S.C. 801-904, that sorts regulated drugs into Schedules I-V by medical use and abuse potential, with DEA administering scheduling and registration.
Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election
Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election: fraud allegations, the 0.56 percent Calderón-López Obrador margin, the partial recount of 11,839 polling stations, spotgate, and the 2007 electoral reform.
Convention (treaty)
A convention, in international law, is a formal written agreement between states, typically a multilateral treaty open to all; the name itself carries no independent legal force.
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
The CAMLR Convention, signed in Canberra on 20 May 1980 and in force since 7 April 1982, is the treaty governing Southern Ocean marine life; it created CCAMLR, which manages Antarctic fisheries by consensus under an ecosystem approach.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation
The Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, known as the Montreal Sabotage Convention, is a 1971 treaty criminalizing sabotage of civil aircraft.
Convention of Aranjuez (1801)
The Convention of Aranjuez was a Franco-Spanish treaty signed on 21 March 1801, by which the Duke of Parma traded his duchy for Tuscany and Spain ceded Louisiana to France.
Convention of London (1840)
Convention of London (1840), or Convention for the Pacification of the Levant: treaty of 15 July 1840 signed by Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Ottoman Empire, excluding France, forcing Muhammad Ali to evacuate Syria for hereditary rule of Egypt.
Convention of Mortefontaine
The Convention of Mortefontaine, also called the Convention of 1800 or Treaty of Mortefontaine, was a 1800 agreement between France and the United States that ended the Quasi-War.