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Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), also Relations Couronne-Autochtones et Affaires du Nord Canada, is the Canadian department, created in 2017, leading modern treaty negotiation and implementation, self-government agreements, and northern affairs.
Crucifixion
Crucifixion: ancient execution by nailing or binding a victim to a stake or cross, used by Persians, Carthaginians, and Romans; death by asphyxia and shock over hours to days; abolished by Constantine after CE 314.
Cruel and unusual punishment
Cruel and unusual punishment, banned by the Eighth Amendment and English Bill of Rights of 1689, covers torture, disproportionality, and status crimes; shaped by the Titus Oates case and evolving standards of decency.
Cruelty to animals
Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, is the infliction of unnecessary suffering on animals through abuse or neglect. Distinguished by its property-based legal origins, the 1866 ASPCA founding, the US Animal Welfare Act, and modern veterinary forensics.
Crushing (execution)
Crushing (execution), or pressing to death, is a capital punishment in English law. It involved placing weights on the body of a felon who refused to plead.
Cruz Reynoso
Cruz Reynoso (1931–2021) was an American judge and civil rights lawyer, the first Latino justice of the California Supreme Court (1982–1987), removed in the 1986 retention election, later U.S. Commission on Civil Rights vice chair and UC Davis law professor, and 2000 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient.
Crystal Eastman
Crystal Eastman (1881-1928), American labor lawyer, suffragist, pacifist, and socialist; drafted the first US workers' compensation law, co-founded the National Woman's Party, Woman's Peace Party, and ACLU, and co-authored the Equal Rights Amendment with Alice Paul.
Crystal Mangum
Crystal Gail Mangum falsely accused three Duke lacrosse players of rape in 2006; the case collapsed, prosecutor Nifong was disbarred, she was convicted of murder in 2013, recanted in 2024, and was released in 2026.
CSI (franchise)
CSI franchise: American forensic crime drama franchise begun with CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (CBS, 2000-2015, 337 episodes), creator Anthony Zuiker; five series including Miami, NY, Cyber, and Vegas (2021-2024); source of the CSI effect debate.
CSI: Vegas
CSI: Vegas (2021-2024) is an American CBS crime drama, the sequel to CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, created by Jason Tracey; three seasons, 41 episodes, starring Petersen, Fox, Helgenberger and Paula Newsome, canceled April 2024.
Cuban Adjustment Act
The Cuban Adjustment Act, Public Law 89-732 signed by President Lyndon Johnson on November 2, 1966, lets Cuban natives and citizens become lawful permanent residents after a year in the United States.
Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940
The Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940 (Convención Constituyente de 1940) was the elected assembly that drafted Cuba's 1940 Constitution, which took effect in October 1940.
Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934): bilateral treaty signed in Washington May 29, 1934, abrogating the 1903 Platt Amendment treaty and ending US intervention rights in Cuba while keeping the Guantanamo Bay naval lease in force.
Culpability
Culpability is legal responsibility for a criminal act; in criminal law it is the mens rea, or guilty state of mind, prosecutors must prove for a conviction.
Culpable homicide
Culpable homicide, also called culpable homicide not amounting to murder, is blameworthy killing short of murder in Scots, South African, Indian, New Zealand, and Zimbabwean law; in Canada it is the umbrella for murder, manslaughter, and infanticide.
Cultural genocide
Cultural genocide is the deliberate destruction of a group's culture, language, religion, and heritage. Coined within Lemkin's genocide concept, it was excluded from the 1948 Genocide Convention and remains a scholarly and political term.
Culture of fear
Culture of fear: a socially reinforced climate of pervasive apprehension about threats, central to Glassner's and Furedi's theses and fear-of-crime research on media, politics, and measurement.
Curb stomp
Curb stomp (also "bite the curb"): a violent assault forcing a victim's mouth onto a curb edge and stomping the head. Popularized by the 1998 film American History X; biomechanical studies report stomping forces of thousands of newtons causing skull fractures.
Curfew
Curfew: a regulation barring people from public places at set hours, from Old French couvre-feu ("cover fire"). Covers youth, daytime, emergency, and driving curfews, U.S. adoption since 1880, systematic reviews finding juvenile curfews ineffective at reducing crime, racial enforcement disparities, and legal challenges.
Curtis Act
The Curtis Act is an 1898 United States federal law that forced allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes' lands without tribal consent and abolished their tribal courts.
Curtis Flowers
Curtis Flowers, also known as Curtis Giovanni Flowers, is an American man tried six times for the 1996 murders of four Tardy Furniture employees in Winona, Mississippi.
Curtis L. Collier
Curtis Lynn Collier, born 1949, is a senior United States district judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee, appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1995.
Curtis Warren
Curtis Warren (born 1963, Liverpool; "Cocky") is a British drug trafficker, once Interpol's most wanted and the only trafficker on the Sunday Times Rich List, convicted in the Netherlands (1997) and Jersey (2009) and ordered to pay £198m.
Customary international humanitarian law
Customary international humanitarian law: unwritten IHL rules from a general practice accepted as law, binding all parties to armed conflict. ICRC's 2005 study identified 161 customary rules filling treaty gaps, especially in non-international conflicts.
Customary international law
Customary international law: unwritten rules of international law arising from a general practice of states accepted as law (opinio juris), per ICJ Statute Article 38(1)(b), distinct from treaties; identification method codified in the ILC's 2018 draft conclusions.
Customary international law in domestic legal systems
Customary international law in domestic legal systems is the doctrine by which national courts recognize and rank unwritten international law against statutes, since most constitutions address treaties but not custom.
Customary law
Customary law, chiefly customary international law, is unwritten law formed from general state practice accepted as legally required (opinio juris), under the ICJ Statute's Article 38(1)(b) two-element test and the ILC's 2018 draft conclusions.
Customs officer
Customs officer: government official who clears travelers and goods at borders, collects duties, and enforces import-export laws; also called CBP officer in the US; works within WCO standards and modern risk-management systems.
Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal
The Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT) is India's appellate tribunal for central indirect tax disputes, hearing appeals from customs, excise, and service tax commissioners.
CVLT (organization)
CVLT (pronounced "cult") was a Discord-based neo-Nazi, nihilistic child exploitation group and precursor to 764 within The Com; leaders including Rohan Rane and Kaleb Merritt were prosecuted in France and the United States.