9,901 articles
Criminal justice
Criminal justice: the system of laws, procedures, institutions, and policies governing police, courts, and corrections before, during, and after a crime, including prosecution, sentencing, incarceration, and recidivism after prison release.
Criminal justice system of Japan
The criminal justice system of Japan (刑事司法制度): courts, prosecutors, police, corrections under the Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure; three-tier courts, Saiban-in lay judges since 2009, over 99% conviction rate, 23-day custody, 2017 and 2023 sex crime reforms.
Criminal law
Criminal law is the body of law defining crimes and punishing offenders, distinct from civil law. Covers actus reus, mens rea, burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt, crime categories, comparative systems, and 2026 reforms in Canada and the UK.
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, also called the Nirbhaya Act: Indian law No. 13 of 2013 redefining rape under IPC s.375, creating acid attack, stalking, voyeurism and trafficking offences, adding s.376A/376E death penalty, and amending CrPC and Evidence Act.
Criminal negligence
Criminal negligence, also called gross negligence in some contexts, is the lowest mens rea level in criminal law: failing to perceive a substantial, unjustifiable risk a reasonable person would notice, a gross deviation from reasonable care, distinct from recklessness by lack of awareness.
Criminal procedure
Criminal procedure is the body of law regulating the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of criminal cases. Most systems rely on due process, using either adversarial or inquisitorial traditions.
Criminal procedure in South Africa
Criminal procedure in South Africa, governed by the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977, covering arrest, bail, trial, appeal, and the ongoing SALRC Project 151 constitutional review.
Criminal sentencing in the United States
Criminal sentencing in the United States sets punishment after conviction, historically indeterminate with parole boards, reshaped by the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act and federal guidelines made advisory by the 2005 Booker decision.
Criminal stereotype of African Americans
Criminal stereotype of African Americans: the long-standing association of Black people, especially Black men, with criminality, rooted in slave patrols and convict leasing, sustained by Jim Crow discourse, punitive crime policy, media portrayals, and perceptual bias.
Criminal tattoo
Criminal tattoo: tattoos marking gang or prison subculture affiliation, rank, and criminal history, from Soviet prison ink documented by Baldaev to contested gang-identification uses today.
Criminal trial of Donald Trump in New York
The People of the State of New York v. Donald J. Trump, the Manhattan hush money criminal trial: 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, guilty verdict May 30, 2024, unconditional discharge January 10, 2025, first criminal conviction of a former US president.
Criminology
Criminology, also called the sociology of crime, is the interdisciplinary scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and society's reaction to them, asking why crime happens rather than how the justice system operates.
Crips
The Crips are a loose association of mostly African American street gangs founded in Los Angeles in the late 1960s, best known for their rivalry with the Bloods.
Cristal C. Brisco
Cristal C. Brisco, born 1981 in Merrillville, Indiana, is a US district judge for the Northern District of Indiana since 2024, the first Black woman to serve on that court.
Cristian M. Stevens
Cristian Matthew Stevens, born 1973, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Missouri since 2025, appointed by President Donald Trump.
Cristina D. Silva
Cristina D. Silva, also known as Cristina Dionne Silva, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the District of Nevada since 2022.
Cristina Gutierrez
Maria Cristina Gutierrez (1951-2004) was a Baltimore criminal defense lawyer, counsel of record in Maryland v. Craig and Adnan Syed's trial attorney, disbarred by consent in 2001.
Critical legal studies
Critical legal studies (CLS) was a late-1970s American legal movement, led by Duncan Kennedy, Morton Horwitz, and Roberto Unger, holding that law is indeterminate, inseparable from politics, and biased toward the status quo; it splintered into critical race theory, feminist legal thought, and law and political economy.
Criticism of Walmart
Criticism of Walmart covers the retailer's anti-union labor relations, low wages and part-time scheduling, supply chain labor abuses, community effects on small retailers, and FTC, EEOC, and wage-and-hour litigation, weighed against its lower consumer prices.
Critiques of international arbitration
Critiques of international arbitration are the body of academic argument that arbitration, especially investor–state dispute settlement, exercises public authority without adequate accountability, transparency, or democratic control.
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 regulated relations between the Kingdom of Hungary and the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia, recognizing Croatia as an associated party with full internal autonomy until the union ended in 1918.
Croft (land)
Croft: a small agricultural landholding in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland under crofting tenure, created by the 1886 Crofters Holdings Act; over 20,000 crofts regulated by the Crofting Commission with residency, cultivation, and maintenance duties.
Crofting
Crofting is a Scottish system of small-scale land tenure giving crofters security of tenure and other rights, concentrated in the Highlands and Islands and governed since 1886.
Crony capitalism
Crony capitalism, or cronyism in market economies, is an economic system where business success depends on close ties between business people and government officials, yielding protection, licences, contracts, and subsidies for the connected.
Cross-border estates and conflict of laws in succession administration
Cross-border estates and conflict of laws in succession administration governs which country's courts and law apply when a deceased person's estate spans several countries, including the EU Succession Regulation.
Cross-border spousal maintenance
Cross-border spousal maintenance is the private international law deciding which country's law governs spousal support when spouses live in different countries, and how orders are enforced abroad.
Cross-examination
Cross-examination: questioning of a witness by an opposing party in adversarial trials, governed by rules like FRE 611, originating in 1730s English practice, restricted for vulnerable witnesses, and absent as a right in inquisitorial systems.
Crowfoot
Crowfoot (Isapo-muxika, ca. 1830-1890), Siksika Blackfoot chief born Kainai, warrior of 19 battles, first signatory of Treaty 7 in 1877, kept the Blackfoot out of the 1885 rebellion, adopted Poundmaker, died April 25, 1890.
Crown Prosecution Service
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is the principal public prosecution service of England and Wales, a non-ministerial department created by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985, operational October 1986, headed by the DPP and applying the two-stage Code test.
Crown Tribunal
The Crown Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Koronny) was the supreme appellate court of the Polish Crown's nobility, created by King Stephen Báthory in 1578 and abolished in 1794.