9,901 articles
Courts of South Africa
Courts of South Africa: the judiciary under Chapter 8 of the 1996 Constitution, comprising the Constitutional Court (highest court), Supreme Court of Appeal in Bloemfontein, 13 High Court divisions, Magistrates' and specialist courts.
Covenant
Covenant: a formal promise in a contract or deed; in property law it binds land use, running with land in equity via Tulk v Moxhay (1848), enforced by injunction, dischargeable under Law of Property Act 1925 s84.
Covenant (treaty)
A covenant, in international law, is a treaty bearing the word "covenant" in its title, a solemn-sounding designation that carries no distinct legal regime.
Covenant of the League of Nations
The Covenant of the League of Nations, adopted 28 April 1919 and in force 10 January 1920 as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles, was the League's 26-article founding treaty covering membership, Assembly and Council, Article 10 guarantees, Article 16 sanctions, and mandates.
Coverture
Coverture, which made a married woman a feme covert, was the common-law doctrine under which a wife's legal identity merged into her husband's, barring independent property and contracts.
Craig Fitzhugh
Calvin Craig Fitzhugh (born 1950) is a Tennessee banker, lawyer, and former Air Force JAG officer who represented House District 82 as House Democratic Leader and ran for governor in 2018, losing the primary to Karl Dean.
Craig Price (murderer)
Craig Price (born 1974), the "Slasher of Warwick," is a Rhode Island juvenile serial killer who murdered four neighbors in 1987 and 1989 starting at age 13; his case forced Rhode Island to allow juveniles to be tried as adults.
Craig Rothfeld
Craig Rothfeld is an American prison consultant and former securities executive who founded Inside Outside Ltd. in New York after serving 18 months for financial crimes.
Cravath, Swaine & Moore
Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, founded 1819 in New York, is an elite corporate and litigation law firm, originator of the Cravath System and the Cravath pay scale, with offices in New York, London, and Washington, D.C.
Crazy Eddie
Crazy Eddie was a New York-area discount electronics chain founded by Eddie Antar, famous for Jerry Carroll's "insane prices" ads and a $120 million financial statement fraud exposed in 1987, leading to Antar's 1992 extradition from Israel and eight-year prison sentence.
Creative Commons
Creative Commons (CC): global nonprofit founded 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, and Eric Eldred; publishes the free CC copyright licenses (BY, NC, ND, SA elements, six combinations, version 4.0 since 2013), CC0, and Public Domain Mark, used on billions of works.
Creative Commons license
Creative Commons licenses are six standardized public copyright licenses (CC BY through CC BY-NC-ND) published since 2002 by the nonprofit Creative Commons, current version 4.0 (2013), granting advance reuse permission under attribution, share-alike, no-derivatives, or noncommercial conditions.
Credit card fraud
Credit card fraud is the unauthorized use of a card or its account data, spanning counterfeit cards, lost or stolen cards, and remote card-not-present misuse. Global losses reached $33.83 billion in 2023, with EMV chips curbing counterfeit fraud and shifting losses to remote channels.
Creek Constitution of 1859
The Creek Constitution of 1859 was the first written constitution of the Creek (Muscogee) Nation in Indian Territory, replaced by a new constitution in 1867 after the Civil War.
Crémieux Decree
The Crémieux Decree (décret Crémieux) was an 1870 French decree making about 34,000 Jews of Algeria French citizens, named for justice minister Adolphe Crémieux and abrogated by Vichy in 1940.
Cresa
Cresa (Cresa Global, Inc.) is a Chicago-headquartered commercial real estate advisory firm founded in 1993 that exclusively represents occupiers, never landlords, offering transaction management, project services, portfolio solutions, and lease administration.
Crime
Crime: conduct prohibited and punished by state criminal law, studied by criminology. Defined legally (Sutherland's two criteria), measured via official records, victimization surveys, and self-reports, with a large dark figure of underreporting; global homicide fell 14 percent, 2015–2024.
Crime boss
Crime boss: the leader of a criminal organization such as a Mafia family or cartel. Also called godfather or Don. Directs operations, takes a share of subordinate revenue; succession often by violence; targets of RICO prosecutions.
Crime drop
Crime drop: the sustained decline in US and international crime rates beginning around 1993 after a peak in 1992. Explanations include policing, incarceration, the crack epidemic's waning, abortion legalization, lead removal, and security, with 2024-2025 FBI data showing record-low homicide rates.
Crime fiction
Crime fiction, also called murder mystery fiction, is a genre of fiction in which a crime, most often a murder, is central to the narrative and its investigation.
Crime film
Crime film: umbrella genre of movies centered on crime, covering gangster, noir, detective, courtroom, prison, and heist films; built on criminal, victim, and avenger figures, from 1903's The Great Train Robbery to today's streaming boom.
Crime in Antarctica
Crime in Antarctica: offenses on the continent governed by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty's Article VIII and national laws; no local police, jurisdiction by nationality, notable cases include Rodney Marks.
Crime in Australia
Crime in Australia is measured through ABS police-recorded crime statistics and national victimisation surveys. In 2024-25, 3.9% of persons aged 15+ experienced a selected personal crime; most rates declined over the decade.
Crime in Baltimore
Crime in Baltimore covers the city's homicide and violent crime patterns: a 2015 post-Freddie Gray spike, declines since 2022, record-low 2025 violent crime, 50 homicides by mid-2026, and consent decree reforms.
Crime in Brazil
Crime in Brazil: the world's highest homicide count (47,060 in 2023, Igarapé), a 2017 peak of 65,602, decline attributed to aging population, PCC-Comando Vermelho truce, and state policies; femicides and police killings rising.
Crime in Canada
Crime in Canada is tracked by Statistics Canada's Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (since 1962) and the Crime Severity Index (introduced 2009, base 2006=100). CSI fell to 75.01 in 2025; 672 homicides; 29% of victimizations reported to police in 2019.
Crime in Chicago
Crime in Chicago: long-term trends from 1965 to 2026, the early-1990s peak, neighborhood inequality, low homicide clearance rates, and the 2025 60-year murder low.
Crime in Detroit
Crime in Detroit covers offense levels and trends in Michigan's largest city. Key facts: 165 homicides in 2025 (lowest since 1965), 2024 homicide rate 31.4 per 100,000, highest among peer cities Milwaukee, Newark, Buffalo, Rochester, Toledo, Cleveland; ShotStoppers violence intervention program.
Crime in El Salvador
Crime in El Salvador, historically dominated by the MS-13 and Barrio 18 maras, peaked at 106.8 homicides per 100,000 in 2015; Bukele's 2022 state of exception cut the rate to 1.3 by 2025 amid mass detentions and rights disputes.
Crime in Germany
Crime in Germany (Kriminalität in Deutschland), tracked by the BKA's Police Crime Statistics (PKS): about 5.5 million recorded offences in 2025, down 5.6 percent; violent crime fell 2.3 percent while rape rose 9 percent; politically motivated crime reached 85,837 cases.